关键词： Biodiesel   Diesel   Fuel   Genotoxicity   Green diesel   Particulate matter   Pollution  

摘要： Global demand for energy is rapidly increasing, and resources for the production of petroleum-based fuels are running out. For this, renewable fuels like biodiesel and hydrotreated vegetable oil biofuel are considered important alternatives to replace such fuels. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro genotoxicity effect on HepG2 cells of organic material extracted from particulate matter emissions of an engine fueled with conventional diesel or mixtures of diesel with 10% of biomass. The emissions were collected in two operational modes, 2410 rpm (slope simulation) and 1890 rpm (plane). Genotoxicity was evaluated through two methods, chromosomal aberration test and the alkaline comet assay. The former did not show any genotoxic effect, but the latter exhibited a statistically significant effect despite the operational mode of the engine and the concentration organic material extracted. In conclusion, regardless of the concentration of organic material extracted from particulate matter, the operational mode of the engine, or the fuel used, a significant damage of the DNA was found. In general, at the physicochemical level, a decrease in the amount of emissions of the used fuels is not directly related to a decrease in the genotoxicity potential.

关键词： colonoscopy   colorectal cancer   familial history   fecal immunochemical test   screening  

摘要： Background and aims: Current guidelines recommend colonoscopy every 3-5 years for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening of individuals with a familial history of CRC. The objective of this study was to compare the cost effectiveness of screening alternatives in this population. Methods: Eight screening strategies were compared with no screening: fecal immunochemical test (FIT), Stool DNA and blood-based screening every 2 years, colonoscopy, computed tomography colonography, colon capsules, and sigmoidoscopy every 5 years, and colonoscopy at 45 years followed, if negative, by FIT every 2 years. Screening test and procedures performance were obtained from the literature. A microsimulation model reproducing the natural history of CRC was used to estimate the cost (euro2018) and effectiveness [quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs)] of each strategy. A lifetime horizon was used. Costs and effectiveness were discounted at 3.5% annually. Results: Compared with no screening, colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy at a 30% uptake were the most effective strategy (46.3 and 43.9 QALY/1000). FIT at a 30 mu g/g threshold with 30% uptake was only half as effective (25.7 QALY). Colonoscopy was associated with a cost of euro484,000 per 1000 individuals whereas sigmoidoscopy and FIT were associated with much lower costs (euro123,610 and euro66,860). Incremental cost-effectiveness rate for FIT and sigmoidoscopy were euro2600/QALY (versus no screening) and euro3100/QALY (versus FIT), respectively, whereas it was euro150,000/QALY for colonoscopy (versus sigmoidoscopy). With a lower threshold (10 mu g/g) and a higher uptake of 45%, FIT was more effective and less costly than colonoscopy at a 30% uptake and was associated with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of euro4240/QALY versus no screening. Conclusion: At 30% uptake, current screening is the most effective screening strategy for high-risk individuals but is associated with a high ICER. Sigmoidoscopy and FIT at lower thresholds (10 m

ISBN: (纸本)9787513263870

关键词： COVID-19   gastrointestinal symptoms   multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)   pediatric   surgerySARS-CoV-2  

关键词： Atkins diet   diets   eating disorders   intermittent fasting   ketogenic diet   low-carbohydrate diet   Mediterranean diet   mental health   paleolithic diet   vegan diet   vegetarian diet  

摘要： Purpose of review With rising rates of chronic noninfectious diseases across the United States thought to be associated with the average American diet, many have adopted alternative diets. Most of these diets promise weight reduction via adherence to strict dietary guidelines, often removing certain types of food. With access to a plethora of information online, it is easy for adolescents to become confused when making dietary decisions. Although these diets promise benefits, it is important to understand common shortcomings and how to overcome them for safe implementation among adolescents. Recent findings This review discusses the theory, implementation, and risks associated with intermittent fasting as well as vegetarian, vegan, ketogenic, Atkins, Paleolithic, and Mediterranean diets. These considerations are further modified for pediatric populations with a focus on the social influences on dieting. Although these diets may be promising, successful adherence to them requires addressing possible shortcomings associated with a certain diet. Pediatricians should be aware of how these dietary strategies may be properly implemented in order to prevent any harm to the patient. Empowering the patient and their families through informational resources is recommended. Pediatricians should also discuss motivations underlying their patient's dietary changes in order to determine whether these motivations are healthy.

关键词： DNA polymerase   DNA replication   DNA repair   DNA helicase   SSB  

摘要： Efficient and faithful replication of DNA is essential for all organisms. However, the replication fork frequently encounters barriers that need to be overcome to ensure cell survival and genetic stability. Cells must carefully balance and regulate replication vs. repair reactions. In Escherichia coli, the replisome consists of the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme, including DNA polymerase, proofreading exonuclease, processivity clamp and clamp loader, as well as a fork helicase, DnaB and primase, DnaG. We provide evidence here that one component of the clamp loader complex, HolC (or x) plays a dual role via its ability to form 2 mutually exclusive complexes: one with HolD (or ?) that recruits the clamp-loader and hence the DNA polymerase holoenzyme and another with helicase-like YoaA protein, a DNA-damage inducible repair protein. By yeast 2 hybrid analysis, we show that two residues of HolC, F64 and W57, at the interface in the structure with HolD, are required for interaction with HolD and for interaction with YoaA. Mutation of these residues does not interfere with HolC?s interaction with single strand DNA binding protein, SSB. In vivo, these mutations fail to complement the poor growth and sensitivity to azidothymidine, a chain-terminating replication inhibitor. In support of the notion that these are exclusive complexes, co-expression of HolC, HolD and YoaA, followed by pulldown of YoaA, yields a complex with HolC but not HolD. YoaA fails to pulldown HolC-F64A. We hypothesize that HolC, by binding with SSB, can recruit the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme through HolD, or an alternative repair complex with YoaA helicase.

关键词： 刑事犯罪   汇编   中国  

ISBN: (纸本)9787521617160

摘要： 本书是《中国法院2021年度案例系列》（全23册）的一个分册，刑事案例一。内容包含犯罪与刑事责任、共同犯罪、罪数形态、量刑、自首与立功、假释、刑事证据、程序及其他等案件。所选案例均是国家法官学院从各地2020年上报的典型案例中挑选出来的精品案例，全面涵盖该领域常见纠纷内容。案情凝练，并由主审法官精心撰写裁判要旨与法官后语，可读性、适用性强，能帮助读者节约查找和阅读案例的时间，获得真正有用的信息，为法官、检察官、执法人员、律师、法律顾问办理相关案件以及案件当事人处理纠纷必备参考书。

关键词： Cheese whey   l-Arabinose isomerase   Escherichia coli expression   d-Tagatose   Auto-induction  

摘要： This study reports an alternative strategy for the expression of a recombinant l-AI from Enterococcus faecium DBFIQ E36 by auto-induction using glucose and glycerol as carbon sources and residual whey lactose as inducer agent. Commercial lactose and isopropyl beta-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) were also evaluated as inducers for comparison of enzyme expression levels. The enzymatic extracts were purified by affinity chromatography, characterized, and applied in the bioconversion of d-galactose into d-tagatose. l-AI presented a catalytic activity of 1.67 +/- 0.14, 1.52 +/- 0.01, and 0.7 +/- 0.04 U/mL, when expressed using commercial lactose, lactose from whey, and IPTG, respectively. Higher activities could be obtained by changing the protocol of enzyme extraction and, for instance, the enzymatic extract produced with whey presented a catalytic activity of 3.8 U/mL. The specific activity of the enzyme extracts produced using lactose (commercial or residual whey) after enzyme purification was also higher when compared to the enzyme expressed with IPTG. Best results were achieved when enzyme expression was conducted using 4 g/L of residual whey lactose for 11 h. These results proved the efficacy of an alternative and economic protocol for the effective expression of a recombinant l-AI aiming its high-scale production.