关键词： Polybrominated diphenyl ethers   Decabromodiphenylethane   Input flux   Dry and wet deposition   Air-water exchange  

摘要： The production and usage of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) has been gradually phased out and the application of alternative halogenated flame retardants (AHFRs) has been continuously increased. It is essential to understand how the evolving flame retardants industry has affected the occurrence and flux of legacy and alternative flame retardants so that better pollution control measures can be made accordingly. Air, rainwater, inflowing river water, pond water, pond sediment, fish feed, and fish collected from freshwater cultured fish ponds (FWCFPs) within the Pearl River Delta, South China were analyzed for PBDEs and AHFRs. Concentrations of AHFRs in air (range;median: 7.8-870;210 pg m(-3)), rainwater (0.88-65;4.8 ng L-1), and sediment (19-120;54 ng g(-1) dry weight (d.w.)) were one order of magnitude higher than those of PBDEs in air (12-98;21 pg m(-3)), rainwater (0.18-15;0.70 ng L-1), and sediment (1.5-9.6, 2.9 ng g(-1) d.w.) (t-test;p < 0.05). Decabromodiphenyl ether and decabromodiphenylethane were the predominant BDE and AHFR components, respectively, agreeing well with the production and usage patterns of flame retardants in China. The average input fluxes of AHFRs to the FWCFPs via dry deposition, wet deposition, net air-water exchange, and feeding (38.6, 20.6, and 2.14, mu g m(-2) yr(-1)) were one order of magnitude higher than those of PBDEs (3.44, 5.17, and -10.1, mu g m(-2) yr(-1)). Elevated occurrence and input fluxes of AHFRs suggested that aquaculture production is potentially facing a new challenge from alternative flame retardants. Atmospheric dry and wet deposition are important input sources of AHFRs to the FWCFPs. Feeding is an important input pathway for both PBDEs and AHFRs. Pollution control measures should be modified to accommodate the evolving flame retardants industry. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： 多伦多大学   副校长   实用主义哲学   医学哲学   哲学教授   皮尔士   思想内蕴   谢丽  

摘要： 谢丽尔·米萨克(Cheryl Misak)是加拿大多伦多大学(University of Toronto)哲学教授,曾任多伦多大学副校长和教务长;主要研究领域包括美国实用主义哲学、分析哲学、道德和政治哲学,以及医学哲学等。她至今已出版了6部有影响力的著作,对皮尔士(Charles Sanders Peirce)、拉姆赛(Frank ***)等人的思想,以及实用主义理论谱系有着自己独到的理解。她与剑桥大学休·莱斯(HuwPrice)教授一道,试图发展出从皮尔士和詹姆斯(William James)到拉姆赛和维特根斯坦的“剑桥实用主义”,既扩大了实用主义的思想内蕴,也带来了一种理解罗素、拉姆赛、维特根斯坦等剑桥哲学家的独特视角。

关键词： 巨幼细胞性贫血   骨髓增生异常综合征   乳酸脱氢酶   鉴别诊断   相关性  

摘要： 大细胞性贫血是指以平均红细胞体积(MCV)>100 fl为特征的贫血性疾病,典型代表为巨幼细胞性贫血(MA)及骨髓增生异常综合征。MA是由于体内缺乏叶酸和(或)维生素B_(12)导致红细胞DNA合成障碍而引起的贫血,以大细胞性贫血为主要表现,多数合并有白细胞及血小板减少,临床上与骨髓增生异常综合征-伴多系发育异常(MDS-MLD)类型相比有相似症状,部分MDS-MLD患者外周血及骨髓中并无明显原始细胞,需要进一步行染色体、基因突变等检查来明确诊断。本文主要探讨MA患者外周血多项指标与MDS-MLD存在的差异对疾病诊断及鉴别的意义。

关键词： reinforcement learning   musculoskeletal model   inverse dynamics   EMG-driven model  

摘要： Reinforcement learning (RL) has potential to provide innovative solutions to existing challenges in estimating joint moments in motion analysis, such as kinematic or electromyography (EMG) noise and unknown model parameters. Here, we explore feasibility of RL to assist joint moment estimation for biomechanical applications. Forearm and hand kinematics and forearm EMGs from four muscles during free finger and wrist movement were collected from six healthy subjects. Using the proximal policy optimization approach, we trained two types of RL agents that estimated joint moment based on measured kinematics or measured EMGs, respectively. To quantify the performance of trained RL agents, the estimated joint moment was used to drive a forward dynamic model for estimating kinematics, which was then compared with measured kinematics using Pearson correlation coefficient. The results demonstrated that both trained RL agents are feasible to estimate joint moment for wrist and metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint motion prediction. The correlation coefficients between predicted and measured kinematics, derived from the kinematics-driven agent and subject-specific EMG-driven agents, were 98%+/- 1% and 94%+/- 3% for the wrist, respectively, and were 95%+/- 2% and 84%+/- 6% for the metacarpophalangeal joint, respectively. In addition, a biomechanically reasonable joint moment-angle-EMG relationship (i.e., dependence of joint moment on joint angle and EMG) was predicted using only 15s of collected data. In conclusion, this study illustrates that an RL approach can be an alternative technique to conventional inverse dynamic analysis in human biomechanics study and EMG-driven human-machine interfacing applications.

关键词： 血培养   血流感染   感染性疾病   急诊科  

摘要： 目的了解常州市第一人民医院急诊科送检血培养阳性率及全院其他科室送检血培养阳性率情况,为急诊科规范开展血培养标本采集提供参考。方法对2016年1月至2018年12月入院的疑似血流感染患者进行血培养标本采集,血培养采用BACTECTM FX全自动血培养仪,鉴定采用PhoenixTM 100全自动鉴定仪。结果 2016年至2018年急诊科血培养阳性率显著高于其他科室,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。急诊科血培养危急值百分比显著高于其他科室,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论常州市第一人民医院急诊科血培养阳性率明显高于其他科室,于急诊科尽早完善血培养对于指导临床合理用药,防止滥用抗菌药物及减少耐药菌株的产生具有重要意义。

关键词： 大学英语四级   汉译英   后置定语  

摘要： 在汉译英时,很多学生都会习惯性将中英文逐一对应翻译。而中英的语序排列会让学生觉得难以掌握,当汉语中有很多前置定语翻译成英语时,需用用后置定语结构处理。掌握几种常见的英语后置定语结构,有助于学生在中译英的段落翻译中,对汉语定语结构进行正确处理。

关键词： 其他感染性腹泻   流行病学特征   疾病控制  

摘要： 目的分析2010-2019年鞍山市其他感染性腹泻流行病学特征,为本地区其他感染性腹泻的科学防控提供依据。方法对2010-2019年鞍山市其他感染性腹泻发病情况进行描述性流行病学分析。率的比较采用χ^(2)检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果 2010-2019年鞍山市其他感染性腹泻报告发病率呈下降趋势(χ_(趋势)^(2)=1 220.80,P<0.001)。发病高峰出现在6-9月。鞍山市4城区发病率高于3县发病率(χ^(2)=2392.48,P=0.000)。<5岁年龄组、85岁及以上年龄组和80岁年龄组发病率较高。其他感染性腹泻发病以家务及待业、农民和离退人员居多。结论建议开展其他感染性腹泻的病原学监测,进一步明确病原谱。在不同人群中开展有针对性的防控措施。

关键词： 东魏北齐   高洋   《北齐地理志》   邺城   文人群体   西魏   淮南地区   中华书局  

摘要： 从时间上看,534年,北魏分裂为东魏、西魏。549年,高洋即位称齐,东魏亡。东魏存在十六年。577年,北周攻陷邺城,北齐亡。北齐存在二十八年。东魏、北齐,前后总共有四十四年的历史。从空间上看,东魏、北齐均以邺城为中心,所辖地区主要包括今河北、河南、淮南地区,行政区域分为一百零五个州、四百一十二个郡,一千零九十五个县(参施和金《北齐地理志》,中华书局,2008)。

关键词： 姚雪垠   文协   中华全国文艺界抗敌协会   前沿阵地   践行者   抗战   现实主义  

摘要： 1938年3月27日,中华全国文艺界抗敌协会在武汉成立。在成立大会的会场上,"文章下乡,文章入伍"两条大字标语格外引人注目。广大的进步作家将之视为"文协"引领知识分子投入抗战的号召而群起响应。其中,姚雪垠是这一号召最积极、最忠勇的拥护者和践行者之一。从1939年4月至1940年2月,他三次挟笔远征,奔赴抗战的前沿阵地,以强大的现实主义笔触。

摘要： Johnston et al 1 recently reported that dual human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) blockade with lapatinib and trastuzumab plus aromatase inhibitor therapy showed superior progression-free survival benefit versus trastuzumab plus aromatase inhibitor therapy in patients with metastatic HER2-positive or hormone receptor–positive metastatic breast cancer. Like the pivotal adjuvant, neoadjuvant, and metastatic studies of anti-HER2 therapy, their large study almost certainly included patients with so-called Group2, HER2-negative tumors. Although formerly all tumors with a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) HER2 /chromosome specific enumeration (CEP) 17 ratio ≥ 2.0 were defined as HER2-positive, in 2018, an American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists (ASCO/CAP) panel recommended that the same tumors instead are reclassified as Group2, HER2-negative if the FISH HER2 /CEP 17 ratio ≥ 2.0 and the average copy number is < 4.0 signals/cell. 2 The ASCO/CAP panel acknowledged that the basis for the recommended change was largely small retrospective subgroup analyses and correlative trials. 2 Recently, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network endorsed the ASCO/CAP recommendation. 3 If possible, it would be helpful if Johnston et al could report the outcomes, in both arms, for patients with Group2, HER2-negative tumors. Analysis of data from ALTERNATIVE and other clinical trials could further clarify whether patients with Group2, HER2-negative tumors derive benefit from anti-HER2 therapy.