关键词： data visualization   effect direction   standardized metric   synthesis   vote counting  

摘要： Effect direction (evidence to indicate improvement, deterioration, or no change in an outcome) can be used as a standardized metric which enables the synthesis of diverse effect measures in systematic reviews. The effect direction (ED) plot was developed to support the synthesis and visualization of effect direction data. Methods for the ED plot require updating in light of new Cochrane guidance on alternative synthesis methods. To update the ED plot, statistical significance was removed from the algorithm for within-study synthesis and use of a sign test was considered to examine whether patterns of ED across studies could be due to chance alone. The revised methods were applied to an existing Cochrane review of the health impacts of housing improvements. The revised ED plot provides a method of data visualization in synthesis without meta-analysis that incorporates information about study characteristics and study quality, using ED as a common metric, without relying on statistical significance to combine outcomes of single studies. The results of sign tests, when appropriate, suggest caution in over-interpreting apparent patterns in effect direction, especially when the number of included studies is small. The revised ED plot meets the need for alternative methods of synthesis and data visualization when meta-analysis is not possible, enabling a transparent link between the data and conclusions of a systematic review. ED plots may be particularly useful in reviews that incorporate nonrandomized studies, complex systems approaches, and diverse sources of evidence, due to the variety of study designs and outcomes in such reviews.

摘要： The 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has led to dramatic changes in the 2020 residency application cycle, including halting away rotations and delaying the application timeline. These stressors are laid on top of a resident selection process already under duress with exploding application and interview numbers-the latter likely to be exacerbated with the widespread shift to virtual interviewing. Leveraging their trainee perspective, the authors propose enforcing a cap on the number of interviews that applicants may attend through a novel interview ticket system (ITS). Specialties electing to participate in the ITS would select an evidence-based, specialty-specific interview cap. Applicants would then receive unique electronic tickets-equal in number to the cap-that would be given to participating programs at the time of an interview, when the tickets would be marked as used. The system would be self-enforcing and would ensure each interview represents genuine interest between applicant and program, while potentially increasing the number of interviews-and thus match rate-for less competitive applicants. Limitations of the ITS and alternative approaches for interview capping, including an honor code system, are also discussed. Finally, in the context of capped interview numbers, the authors emphasize the need for transparent preinterview data from programs to inform applicants and their advisors on which interviews to attend, learning from prior experiences and studies on virtual interviewing, adherence to best practices for interviewing, and careful consideration of how virtual interviews may shift inequities in the resident selection process.

摘要： The COVID-19 outbreak has sown clinical and administrative chaos at academic health centers throughout the country. As COVID-19-related burdens on the health care system and medical schools piled up, questions from medical students far outweighed the capacity of medical school administrators to respond in an adequate or timely manner, leaving students feeling confused and without clear guidance. In this article, incoming and outgoing executive leaders of the University of Michigan Medical School Student Council and medical school deans outline the specific ways they were able to bridge the gap between medical students and administrators in a time of crisis. To illustrate the value of student government during uncertain times, the authors identify the most pressing problems faced by students at each phase of the curriculum-preclerkship, clerkship, and postclerkship-and explain how Student Council leadership partnered with administrators to find creative solutions to these problems and provide guidance to learners. They end by reflecting on the role of student government more broadly, identifying 3 guiding principles of student leadership and how these principles enable effective student representation.

关键词： Contest   Externalities   Public-good/bad prizes   Free riding   Existence of equilibrium   Uniqueness of the equilibrium effort levels  

摘要： We study contests in which there are multiple alternative public-good/bad prizes, and the players compete, by expending irreversible effort, over which prize to have awarded to them. Each prize may be a public good for some players and a public bad for the others, and the players expend their effort simultaneously and independently. We first prove the existence of a pure-strategy Nash equilibrium of the game, then establish when the total effort level expended for each prize is unique across the Nash equilibria, and then summarize and highlight other interesting and important properties of the equilibria. Finally, we discuss the effects of heterogeneity of valuations on the players' equilibrium effort levels and a possible extension of the model. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： immunology   inflammation   neutrophil   lymphocyte ratio (NLR)   platelet   lymphocyte ratio (PLR)   twins  

摘要： Objectives It is well known that twin pregnancies confer a high degree of adverse perinatal outcomes. Fetal growth restriction, preterm labor/delivery, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are among the causal etiologies associated. Hematologic parameters, specifically, the neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio (NLR), the platelet:lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and some of the routine complete blood cell count components denote a peculiar inflammatory and immunologic profile and have been used as clinical markers for specific obstetric syndromes. To our knowledge, no study has ever evaluated NLR/PLR in twins as a distinct population from singletons. Our primary objective was to analyze NLR/PLR in twins compared with singletons. Our secondary objective was to compare white blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and platelets between twins and singletons. Methods We conducted a retrospective case-control study comparing NLR/PLR markers in twin gestations (dichorionic/diamniotic and monochorionic/dichorionic) versus singleton pregnancies, from January 2019 to April 2020. We excluded pregnancies with potential confounding factors such as human immunodeficiency virus, chronic hypertension, smoking, pregestational diabetes mellitus, or cases with miscarriage/intrauterine fetal demise. We included twin pregnancies (two fetuses) as cases and singletons as controls. Results We recruited 29 twins and 29 singletons, matched for age, body mass index, and parity. NLR was statistically significantly higher in the first trimester in twins compared with singletons (3.3 vs 2.7, P < 0.01) and the platelet value was lower in the second trimester in twins compared with singletons (199 vs 251, P = 0.01). Conclusions We speculate that a decrease in NLR from the first to the second trimester and a decrease in platelet in the second trimester reflect both the physiologic inflammatory/immune reaction of early pregnancy and denote a vital response for the development of normal placentation in twin gestati

摘要： ZJDC16—2021—0004绍市建设办[2021]129号滨海新区建规局,镜湖新区开发办,各区、县(市)建设局,上虞区建管中心,局机关各处室、局直属各单位:根据《浙江省行政规范性文件管理办法》(省政府令第37号)和《绍兴市住房和城乡建设局行政规范性文件管理办法》(绍市建设办[2019]50号)有关要求,对本部门2021年10月1日前制定(包括与其他市级主管部门联合发文并主办)和原市建管局发文的行政规范性文件进行清理,废止行政规范性文件和其他政策文件共15件。现将清理结果予以公布,自发布之日起施行。

摘要： 摘要目的在大脑平扫CT(NCCT)中,对比商用的深度学习重建算法(DLR)、混合迭代重建(Hybrid-IR)算法和基于模型的迭代重建(MBIR)算法的影像质量和重建时间。方法

关键词： 續復古編   字形   俗字   異體字   小篆  

摘要： 《續復古編》是元代曹本編撰的一部考證字體類字書,其目的是對當時社會上流傳的各種字體進行辨析,以恢復《說文》小篆的正統地位。書中除當時社會使用的正體字外,還收録了大量的俗體字、異體字,蘊含了豐富的字形材料,但學界對此書在文字學史上的價值長期忽視,缺乏深入而專門的研究。本文以此書爲研究對象,對比歸納書中各類字的形體差異,分析各類字形產生的原因,更好地了解元代的用字情况,彌補學界對元代文字學研究的不足,並試圖給此書以公正的評價。本文主要采用定量研究與定性研究相結合、共時比較和歷時考察相結合、字書比較與文獻用字相印證的方法。首先,整理歸納《續復古編》中所收俗字、異體字,並將其分別與正字、通用字的字形進行比較,概括出它們的形體差異類型,並對俗字、異體字出現的原因及後世承用情况進行探索。其次,通過比較《續復古編》與《說文》中的小篆字形,歸納二者小篆字形的差異類型,總結《續復古編》小篆的字形特點並嘗試分析小篆字形變化的原因,以期爲小篆字形研究提供一些資料。最後,挖掘《續復古編》的價值與不足,希望能够通過本文的研究推動學界對《續復古編》一書的進一步認識。文章通過各字形間的比較,對《續復古編》一書的各字形差異有了全面的認識,對元代當時的用字情况有了一定的了解,整理歸納的俗字、異體字及小篆字形能爲今後文字學的相關研究提供一些參考。

关键词： 新加坡   市政厅   哔哩哔哩   国家美术馆  

摘要： 从路德到推特:媒体与公共领域柏林|德国历史博物馆(Deutsches Historisches Museum)2020年9月10日—2021年4月11日德国的媒介历史,自马丁·路德的时代已经开启。活字印刷为宗教改革提供了条件,电视将竞选演讲变成荧屏直播的舞台,如今推特又成了政治人士借助媒体力量所使用的新工具。一方面,就同一地区而言,不同时代对媒体的使用,

关键词： 学科交叉   新教材   生物学教学  

摘要： 随着课程改革的推进,教育部陆续颁布各学科课程标准,对我国基础教育提出了新的要求。最新发布的《普通高中生物学课程标准(2020年修订版)》进一步强调了学科交叉教学的重要性,新高考取消了文理分科,种种迹象表明学科交叉已成为教育改革新的方向。本研究基于五本人教版高中生物学新教材,以培养学生生物学学科核心素养为目标,对高中生物学学科交叉教学进行了研究。首先,为了解目前学科交叉教学现状,本研究从教师和学生对生物学学科满意度、认知度,以及学科交叉教学接受情况和存在的问题四个方面设计问卷并进行调查,结果发现:(1)教师对生物学科的现状满意度不高,认为目前生物学科的地位及发展现状还需进一步提高。(2)教师和学生都对生物学科有较强的认同感,愿意接受新方法、新技术,以追求新的突破,这对顺利开展生物学学科交叉教学具有重要作用。(3)大部分教师与学生都尝试过用其他学科知识来解决生物学问题,说明进行学科交叉教学是必要且可行的。(4)目前进行学科交叉教学还存在学科教师自身知识储备和课时安排的不足等问题,且目前缺乏具有普适性且可供参考的学科交叉教学案例等素材。其次,在调查的基础上,本研究还分析了五本人教版高中生物学新教材中生物学与其他学科的交叉知识,结果发现:生物学教材中蕴含大量学科交叉知识,其中高中生物学与自然学科的交叉渗透主要是与化学学科的联系,其次是与物理学科的联系,最后是与数学的联系,高中生物学与人文学科的交叉渗透主要是与历史学科的联系,其次与政治、英语、地理的联系。这为生物学学科交叉教学提供了丰富的素材。最后,以实际的课堂教学为载体,通过对教学策略以及生物学与其他学科交叉渗透点的分析,梳理了不同教学策略下如何进行学科交叉渗透教学,并通过案例详细说明,为一线教师进行学科交叉教学提供了参考案例。同时,本研究还为学科交叉教学提出了重要的教学建议。