摘要： This study aims to determine the hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content in the honey samples which are processed at different temperatures by using a spectrophotometric method and to investigate the suitability of image processing method as an alternative method to spectrophotometry. Honey samples were subjected to conventional heating by using a conventional oven at 75 degrees C, 100 degrees C, 125 degrees C and 150 degrees C for 20 min. The HMF content of the samples were determined by using spectrophotometric method and the images of heated honey samples in tubes were captured by a professional camera simultaneously to compare results obtained from spectrophotometry and image processing. The results showed a correlation (y = 18.54x-1.224, R-2 = 0.987) between the data obtained by image processing and spectrophotometric analysis. Thus, it was concluded that, image processing can be used as an alternative method for determining the amount of HMF content in honey for different temperatures. Practical applications With the development of image processing technologies, there is a great potential for food safety and food preservation. This study will bring about improvement in the field of food quality and preservation analysis for food manufacturers. Moreover, this application can be used in food industry for a quick quality determination for mass production.

关键词： CAM   Meta-analyses   Insomnia   Symptom cluster   Contextual sensibility  

摘要： This study systematically reviewed randomized controlled trials (RCT), published in English or Chinese, investigating the effect of complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) on significant insomnia/poor sleep quality and accompanying depression and/or anxiety symptoms. A meta-analysis was completed by calculating within-group effect size (ES) of each CAM treatment on sleep, depression and/or anxiety measures. Moderating analyses of study quality, language, treatment duration and presence of physical diseases were conducted to evaluate their impact on ESs. Between-group ES of CAM (vs. non-specific/ placebo controls) were computed among high-quality studies. From an initial pool of 5047 articles, a total of 72 studies were included in the meta-analysis (44 in English;28 in Chinese). All CAM modalities yielded significant, moderate to large effect sizes on sleep, depression, and anxiety symptoms yet with high heterogeneity. Significant between-group differences on sleep measures were found only between mindfulness-based treatment and non-specific/placebo controls. Chinese literature are associated with larger ESs. Future study should examine the presence and nature of the active components in different CAM approaches. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Araneophagic predator   Behavioral flexibility   Foraging strategy   Prey choice  

摘要： Kleptoparasitism is assumed to be the main foraging strategy in some animal groups, such as the spiders of the subfamily Argyrodinae (Theridiidae). However, some species may also feed on silk threads, egg sacs, or even their hosts. The conditions determining these alternative foraging tactics remain unknown for most species. We performed field observations, stable isotope analysis and laboratory experiments to investigate kleptoparasitism and araneophagy of Argyrodes elevatus and Faiditus caudatus in webs of Manogea porracea (Araneidae). We evaluated the following hypotheses: (1) both species exhibit higher trophic positions than their hosts and closest to an araneophagic sympatric species;(2) host web selection is influenced by the presence of alternative resources (adult male and female, and egg sacs);and (3) they preferentially consume egg sacs instead of stored prey items. Both argyrodines showed higher trophic positions than their female hosts and closest to an araneophagic spider species. The invaders were found mainly on host webs with one adult and egg sacs and with egg sacs only. Finally, A. elevatus preferred to feed on prey captured by the host spider instead of egg sacs. We discussed the factors that can potentially determine the choices between foraging exclusively as kleptoparasites and consuming the hosts.

关键词： Neurosurgery   Neurosciences  

摘要： A 56-year-old man with an ocular history of strabismus surgery at age 3 years, anatomically narrow angles, and patent laser peripheral iridotomies in both eyes underwent refractive lens exchange in which a SA60AT (Alcon Laboratories, Inc.) 38 diopter (D) intraocular lens (IOL) was implanted in the right eye and a SA60AT 36 D IOL was implanted in the left eye. He presented with symptoms consistent with negative dysphotopsia (ND) in both eyes immediately after surgery, describing temporal dark arcs that were constantly present and did not improve over the past 2 years. Of note, the patient was most symptomatic in the left eye. On examination, the manifest refractions and corrected distance visual acuities were -0.50+1.50 x 20 and 20/20 in the right eye and +0.75-1.25 x 158 and 20/20 in the left eye;visual fields, extraocular motility, and pupils were normal. Intraocular pressures were normal as measured by applanation tonometry at 10 mm Hg in both eyes. Slitlamp examination revealed trace meibomian gland disease in both eyes, normal tear lake and cornea, and patent peripheral laser iridotomies at the 11 o'clock position in the right eye and the 1 o'clock position in the left eye. The anterior chamber was slightly shallow temporally but deep centrally and quiet in both eyes. The lens examination revealed 4.0 mm anterior fibrotic capsule openings with well-positioned SA60AT posterior chamber IOLs in the bag with haptics at 1 and 7 o'clock in both eyes (Figure 1). The posterior capsule was intact with trace posterior capsule opacification in both eyes and striae in the posterior capsules. Dilated fundus examination was unremarkable with a cup-to-disc ratio of 0.4 in the right eye and 0.3 in the left eye and normal pink neuroretinal rims. What strategies would you offer this patient to treat the ND and what specific testing and counseling do you provide for patients with this condition? Copyright (C) 2021 Published by Wolters Kluwer on behalf of ASCRS and ESCRS

关键词： critical thermal minima   fish   methods   temperature   water cooling  

摘要： Water temperature is an important abiotic factor that impacts physiological processes in fish. Attempts to quantify thermal tolerance of fishes exposed to various temperatures have been performed since the 1800s. A common approach to test the thermal tolerance of fishes is the critical thermal method. Traditionally this method has required access to large and expensive lab equipment. However, many individuals may not have direct access to such equipment, making critical thermal studies difficult-to-impossible to conduct. We present a simple and cost-friendly alternative device to use for critical thermal minima trials. This device uses a cooler with a copper line and copper coil to chill water within an aquarium. A pump and valves control the water flow as it passes from the aquarium through the copper. This allows the user to lower the water temperature in the aquarium from 28(o)C to 0(o)C at a steady rate of 0.23(o)C min(-1). The device allows those with limited funding or without access to traditional lab equipment the ability to perform critical thermal minima trials, expanding our collective understanding of life histories of fish and their potential vulnerabilities to increasingly altered thermal environments.

关键词： GWP   Alternative refrigerant   R-404A   Condensation heat transfer   Pressure drop  

摘要： The literature survey reveals that condensation or evaporation study of R-404A alternative refrigerants are lacking. In this study, four R-404A alternative refrigerants - two short term refrigerants (GWP(100)<= 2500: R-448A, R-449A) and two long term refrigerants (GWP(100)<= 150: R-455A, R-454C) - including R-404A (GWP(100) = 3922) were tested under condensation condition. Test range included mass flux from 80 to 400 kg m(-2) s(-1), vapour quality from 0.2 to 0.8. Test tube had 5.6 mm inne diameter. Results showed that, at a low mass flux, heat transfer coefficients of the alternative refrigerants were approximately the same as those of R-404A. On the other hand, at a high mass flux of 400 kg m(-2) s(-1), heat transfer coefficients of the alternative refrigerants were higher than those of R-404A. The reason was attributed to the balance of superior thermal properties, which were beneficial, and larger temperature glide, which were malign, of the alternative refrigerants compared with those of R-404A. Pressure drops of alternative refrigerants were larger than those of R-404A. Furthermore, long term refrigerants (R-454C, R-455A) yielded larger pressure drops than short term refrigerants (R-448A, R-449A), probably due to the influence of vapour density. Furthermore, data are compared with predictions by existing correlations. (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd and IIR. All rights reserved.

摘要： Article Title: A microsimulation model to determine the cost-effectiveness of treat to target strategies for Crohn's disease(C) The American College of Gastroenterology 2021. All Rights Reserved.

关键词： Teratogenicity   Rat whole embryo culture   Zebrafish embryo culture   Murine embryonic stem cells   Embryo-fetal lethality   Malformations   PPV   NPV   Likelihood ratios  

摘要： An IQ DruSafe working group evaluated the concordance of 3 alternative teratogenicity assays (rat whole embryo culture, rWEC;zebrafish embryo culture, ZEC;and murine embryonic stem cells, mESC) with findings from rat or rabbit embryo-fetal development (EFD) studies. Data for 90 individual compounds from 9 companies were entered into a database. In vivo findings were deemed positive if malformations or embryo-fetal lethality were reported in either species. Each company used their own criteria for deciding whether the alternative assay predicted the in vivo findings. Standard concordance parameters were calculated, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) were adjusted for the aggregate portfolio prevalence of positive compounds (established by a survey of participating companies), and positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR+ and iLR-) were calculated. Of the 3 assays, only rWEC data were robustly predictive, particularly for negative predictions (NPVadj = 92%). However, both LR+ (4.92) and iLR- (4.72) were statistically significant for the rWEC assay. When analyzed separately for rats, the NPVadj and iLR-values for the rWEC assay increased to 96% and 9.75, respectively. These data suggest that a negative rWEC outcome could defer or replace a rat EFD study in certain regulatory settings.