关键词： Entropy   Hydrocarbons   Mixtures   Viscosity   Equation of state  

摘要： We propose an alternative approach to calculate viscosity, based on the Rosenfeld scaling theory, which can be applied to pure components and their mixtures in a wide range of temperatures, pressures, and compositions. The Helmholtz scaling (A-scaling) applies the Chapman-Enskog relation, an Ansatz function, and the PCP-SAFT equation of state to predict the viscosity. Although it was implemented with the PCP-SAFT EoS, A-scaling has potential to be coupled with other EoS. Substances from n-alkanes, alcohols, aromatics, ethers, chlorofluorocarbons, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen were used to obtain five parameters to better correlate the experimental viscosity data. We tested the A-scaling performance of predicting the viscosity of 33 binary mixtures at different temperature and pressure conditions. For pure components, the minimum and maximum average absolute deviations (AADs) were 1.51 and 6.53%, respectively. Meanwhile, for mixtures, 0.70 and 23.95% were the lowest and highest values. By comparing this method with the successful and consolidated entropy scaling, it was found that AADs in most of the pure substances and mixtures were lower for A-scaling. Thus, since it is suitable for polar, nonpolar, and hydrogen-bonding substances, A-scaling covers many substances for industry applications, with no usage of adjustable parameters to predict viscosity for mixtures.

关键词： Integrated product and process design   Fuel design   Process network flux analysis   Advanced engine concepts   Flexible fuel vehicles   Spark-ignition engines  

摘要： Road transportation needs to abandon fossil fuels. One promising alternative are renewable fuels for internal combustion engines. We consider three competing types of spark-ignition engines, i.e., conventional spark-ignition engines (CSIEs), flexible fuel vehicle engines (FFVEs), and ultra-high efficiency engines (UHEEs), which all have different fuel requirements. To determine which engine-fuel combination is optimal regarding fuel production cost and global warming impact (GWI), we apply our integrated fuel and process design method [Konig, et al. 2020. Comput. Chem. Eng.]. Specifically, we consider 47 pre-screened fuel species, their selective production routes from renewable resources, and a surrogate for optional blending of fossil gasoline. The designed FFVE (UHEE) fuels reduce GWI by up to 87% (84%) compared to fossil gasoline. In contrast, optimal CSIE fuels only achieve up to 60% GWI reduction and only at higher cost. The superior production performance of selectively-produced UHEE and FFVE fuels motivates replacement of today's CSIE technology. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Organoids   Primary liver cancers   Induced pluripotent stem cell s (iPSCs)   Patienttissues   Derived liver organoids   In vitro  

摘要： Primary liver cancer (PLC) represents a significant proportion of all human cancers and constitutes a substantial health and economic burden to society. Traditional therapeutic approaches such as surgical resection and chemotherapy often fail due to tumour relapse or innate tumour chemoresistance. There is a dearth of efficient treatments for PLC in part due to the poor capacity of current laboratory models to reflect critical features of the native tumour in vivo. The increasing incorporation of organoid systems has led to a resurgence of interest in liver cancer research. Organoid systems show promise as the gold standard for recapitulating tumours in vitro. Further, developments in culturing techniques will improve the various shortcomings of the current systems. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived liver organoids are a promising alternative to the conventional liver organoid model as it circumvents the need to rely on primary resections which are often scarce. In this concise review, we will discuss novel techniques for organoid culture with a focus on organoid cocultures and their advantages over traditional organoid systems. A detailed technical protocol for the generation of iPSC-derived liver organoids is provided as an appendix.

摘要： Objective. To evaluate the safety and reliability of a novel technique of single-port laparoscopic-assisted percutaneous precise closure of the inguinal hernia sac in children. Methods. From September 2016 through September 2019, children with inguinal hernia(s) treated with single-port laparoscopic-assisted percutaneous extraperitoneal closure using a guide wire were enrolled in this study. Operative time, surgical complications, recurrence rate, and cosmetic results were collected. Results. A total of 917 cases with inguinal hernia(s) were collected. Among them, there were 886 (96.61%) boys and 31 girls. Their mean age was 5.2 +/- 3.7 years. There were 693 (75.57%) cases with unilateral hernia. There were 224 cases with bilateral hernias or patent processus vaginalis, including 135 (14.72%) cases with an open contralateral ring which was confirmed intraoperatively. Twenty-three (2.51%) needed another port to complete the hernia sac separation. The operation time was 24.7 +/- 5.2 min and 14.6 +/- 3.8 min in bilateral and unilateral ones. Three cases complained of numbness in the thigh region or groin pain which subsided without medication in the 2(nd) postoperative month. There was no recurrence, and the incision scars were nearly invisible. Conclusion. Single-port laparoscopic-assisted percutaneous extraperitoneal closure using a guide wire is a safe, less cost, and reliable technique in the treatment of inguinal hernia in children.

关键词： Intellectual disability   respite   staff views   family experiences   qualitative research  

摘要： Background: Respite care has traditionally been conceptualised as a short residential break which allows families a break from caring responsibilities. In recent years, alternative respite services have been developed which promote greater social integration and normalisation for people with intellectual and other disabilities. Specific aim: The present study sought to explore the views of service managers and families on the definitions, aims, outcomes and general experiences of these programmes among a sample of adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) using a range of alternative respite services. Method: Participants were managers of respite services for people with ID (n = 6) and family members (predominantly parents, n = 32) of adults receiving respite services from these organisations. All participants were provided with appropriate information on the study and gave consent. Semi-structured interviews were used to explore participants' perspectives on alternative respite provision for adults with ID. Data were analysed using thematic analysis, with multiple analysts involved to allow for reflection on the interpretation of data. Findings: Managers and families showed diversity in the conceptualisations of respite services, with themes highlighting the importance of the break for both people with ID and families, as well as a clear focus on the needs of and developmental outcomes for the person with ID. As such respite was viewed as both a model of service and an outcome for families and individuals with ID. These differing views appeared to have implications for views on who was the target beneficiary of respite. Discussion: The present study reflects alternative respite as a diverse experience for people with ID, their family members and the service providers supporting them. Nevertheless, views were generally positive. Further consideration of the nature of respite services beyond the traditional conceptualisation is warranted.

关键词： BPSD   complementary and alternative medicine   dementia   integrative medicine   overview  

摘要： Background: Dementia is causing a huge medical and socioeconomic burden. Along with strategies to delay cognitive decline in dementia, behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are major contributing factor to the burden of dementia, and have been an important clinical issue for successful management of dementia. However, pharmacological strategies such as antipsychotics raise concerns in terms of risk-to-benefit ratio in managing BPSD. Therefore, there is a need for an effective and safe alternative in BPSD management. From this point of view, various complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs) are attracting attention in BPSD management. Therefore, the overview will make it possible to evaluate the feasibility of using CAM as a potential treatment strategy for BPSD in terms of evidence-based medicine. Methods and analysis: Comprehensive searching will be performed in 13 bibliographic databases from their inception dates to November 2021. Systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses that examined the effectiveness and safety of CAM modalities including herbal medicine, acupuncture, acupressure, aromatherapy, meditation, and relaxation on BPSD, will be included. The methodological quality of included reviews will be assessed by using the A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews-2. Two independent researchers will conduct study search, study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment processes. Results: The results of overview will be disseminated by the publication of a manuscript in a peer-reviewed journal or presentation at a relevant conference. Conclusion: The findings of this overview will help to solve the major public health problem related to dementia, and will provide patients with dementia, their caregivers, clinicians, and health policy makers credible evidence in mitigating the burden of dementia. Ethics and dissemination: As this protocol is for an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses, ethical approval is not requ

摘要： In a recent research paper Dr. Suxing Jin et al. reported two multispecific Pt-IV complexes DNP and NP with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug naproxen (NPX) as the axial ligand(s). Herein, we clarify the mechanism of action of DNP, its therapeutic target and intracellular redox-status.

摘要： Totipotency refers to single cells' developmental capacity to form an entire organism. Understanding how totipotent stem cells form has implications for chimera generation. In a recent Cell study, Shen et al. (2021) report that inhibition of spliceosomes resets conventional pluripotent stem cells to a cellular state with totipotency features.

关键词： OBS   PFOS alternative   Zebrafish   Oxidative stress   Immune responses  

摘要： Sodium p-perfluorous nonenoxybenzene sulfonate (OBS) has been widely applied as a novel PFOS alternative in many industrial fields. However, our knowledge about its toxic effects is limited. In this study, the toxicities of PFOS and OBS in zebrafish larvae were compared by examining their effects on histology, oxidative stress and immune responses. Mortality and malformations caused by OBS were lower than those caused by PFOS under the same exposure concentrations. However, both PFOS and OBS caused histological alterations, manifesting in somatic striated muscle cell necrosis and a reduction in intestinal fold height, respectively. Significant increases in MDA and ROS content were observed in the PFOS and OBS treatment groups, respectively, suggesting the occurrence of oxidative stress in the zebrafish larvae. Furthermore, the transcriptomic and qRT-PCR results showed that the expression ofmost immune-related genes was upregulated in both PFOS and OBS treatment groups, but the latterwas to a lesser extent. Consistent with their mRNA expression, the expression of the IL- 1 beta, CXCL8, MMP9 and Casp8 proteins was significantly elevated following OBS exposure. However, the expression of these proteins was not affected by PFOS, possibly because the translation process was severely disrupted. Collectively, both OBS and PFOS could induce oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in zebrafish larvae. Our findings highlight that the health risks of OBS as a substitute for PFOS should not be ignored. (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Natural colorants   Red colorants   Mangrove plants   Thermal stability   Pressurized liquid extraction  

摘要： Artificial dyes from petrochemicals are extensively used in the numerous sectors. They have adverse effects on human health and environment. Economical and bio-friendly approaches are needed to extract and produce dyes in an ecological manner to replace the hazardous and toxic artificial ones. In this regard, exploiting the potential of natural dyes sources from unconventional plant species presumes a sustainable management of natural resources, and the development of eco-friendly processing extraction technologies with high efficiency, low toxicity and low environmental impacts. In Madagascar, five plant species including Acridocarpus excelsus, Ceriops tagal, Rhizophora mucronata, Woodfordia fruticosa and Xylocarpus granatum are traditionally used as sources of natural red dyes by Malagasy craftspersons for textile dyeing at a very small scale. This original work is based on this assessment. It demonstrated that biopigments extracted via a low-toxicity and highly-efficient pressurized liquid extraction (PLE method from barks adventive roots collected from these five plant species of Madagascar could be used as red dyestuffs. These dye plant extracts have been demonstrated as having, in term of colors, great pH stabilities within a pH range of 3-9 and thermal stability up to 200 degrees C. By their chemical properties, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties that could meet industrial application requirement. We are proposing lines of research that would improve the industrial sustainability and economic viability of the production of pigments extracted from Malagasy plant raw materials. The potential of PLE technique paired with eco-friendly solvents as an alternative method for the extraction and recovery of natural dyes is also discussed here. The valorization of these plant species using green technologies could enable the development of local sectors in Madagascar with wide potential of applications. However, issues related to development ethics, preservation