关键词： cystography   dual-energy CT   gadolinium   iodine  

摘要： Objective The aim of this study was to compare the contrast enhancement differences between gadolinium-based and iodine-based contrast agents at different single-energy tube potentials and dual-energy-based virtual monochromatic energies. In addition, we describe the application of a gadolinium-based contrast agent in computed tomography (CT) cystography for a patient with contraindications to iodine. Methods A phantom study was performed using 3 iodine samples (concentrations: 5, 10, and 15 mgI/mL) and 3 gadolinium samples (concentrations: 3.3, 6.6, and 9.9 mgGd/mL). The prepared phantom was scanned by a dual-energy CT (DECT) at 80, 100, 120, and 140 kV in the single-energy mode and at 100/Sn140 kV in the dual-energy mode. Virtual monoenergetic images (VMIs) at 50 keV were generated from the DECT scan. In addition, a DECT cystogram was performed using a gadolinium-based contrast agent in a patient with contraindications to iodinated contrast. Results Strong linear correlations between mean signal of contrast enhancement and mass concentration were found for both iodine and gadolinium samples across all single-energy CT (SECT) and DECT scan conditions. The VMI at 50 keV provided the highest contrast enhancement for both types of contrast samples at each concentration level, and single-energy CT scans at low-energy beams showed higher contrast enhancement than higher beam energies. In addition, the contrast enhancement for pure gadolinium solution was constantly higher than pure iodine solution at an identical mass concentration level. The DECT cystogram was performed with excellent technical success. The urinary bladder was appropriately distended with intravesical contrast measuring 606 Hounsfield units and no evidence of bladder leak or fistula. Conclusions Imaging of gadolinium-based contrast agents is improved using a DECT technique, with VMI at 50 keV providing the highest contrast enhancement among our tested parameters. Dual-energy CT cystography using a gado

摘要： Messanger RNA (mRNA) isoforms with alternative 3 '-untranslated regions (3 '-UTRs) are produced by alternative polyadenylation (APA), which occurs during transcription in most eukaryotic genes. APA fine-tunes gene expression in a cell-type- and cellular state-dependent manner. Selection of an APA site entails the binding of core cleavage and polyadenylation factors to a particular polyadenylation site localized in the pre-mRNA and is controlled by multiple regulatory determinants, including transcription, pre-mRNA cis-regulatory sequences, and protein factors. Alternative 3 '-UTRs serve as platforms for specific RNA binding proteins and microRNAs, which regulate gene expression in a coordinated manner by controlling mRNA fate and function in the cell. Genome-wide studies illustrated the full extent of APA prevalence and revealed that specific 3 '-UTR profiles are associated with particular cellular states and diseases. Generally, short 3 '-UTRs are associated with proliferative and cancer cells, and long 3 '-UTRs are mostly found in polarized and differentiated cells. Fundamental new insights on the physiological consequences of this widespread event and the molecular mechanisms involved have been revealed through single-cell studies. Publicly available comprehensive databases that cover all APA mRNA isoforms identified in many cellular states and diseases reveal specific APA signatures. Therapies tackling APA mRNA isoforms or APA regulators may be regarded as innovative and attractive tools for diagnostics or treatment of several pathologies. We highlight the function of APA and alternative 3 '-UTRs in gene expression regulation, the control of these mechanisms, their physiological consequences, and their potential use as new biomarkers and therapeutic tools. This article is categorized under: RNA Processing > 3 ' End Processing RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein-RNA Interactions: Functional Implications RNA in Disease and Development > RN

关键词： androgen antagonists, prostatic neoplasms, prostate-specific antigen  

摘要： Purpose: There were 3 recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration approvals for drugs to be used in nonmetastatic castration resistant prostate cancer, a state that arises from the unproven start of continuous androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for biochemical recurrent prostate cancer (BCR), before metastatic disease is evident. This report examines the outcome of men with BCR who defer ADT until time of *** and Methods: Retrospective review of men diagnosed with clinically localized prostate cancer who underwent radical prostatectomy at Johns Hopkins Hospital and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center and developed BCR with a prostate specific antigen doubling time of not more than 10 months (806 patients). The primary end points were metastasis-free survival and overall survival from time of local treatment among men who delayed ADT until time of ***: The median metastasis-free survival of men with BCR and a prostate specific antigen doubling time <6 months and 10 months who delay ADT until metastasis is 144 months (95% CI 48-not reached) and 192 months (95% CI 72-not reached), respectively, with a median overall survival of 168 months (95% CI 96-276 months) and 204 months (95% CI 120-276), ***: Metastasis-free survival and overall survival of men with BCR who delay hormone therapy is long. This underscores the need to reevaluate when to start primary ADT in this patient population.(C) 2021 by the American Urological Association, Inc.

关键词： 利尿药   高血压   联合用药   临床进展  

摘要： 近年来,根据国内流行病理学的调查,我国慢性高血压患者中的发病原因逐渐增加,且呈年轻化的趋势,因此关于慢性高血压疾病的研究、治疗及其预防仍是当下医学界研究的热点。利尿剂可以作为体内的离子再吸收抑制剂,可以有效抑制体内离子在体内的再吸收,从而有效地降低高血压,并通过联合使用可以有效减少其他降压药的副作用,因此在临床实践中得到广泛应用。本文就近年来利尿剂联合其他降压药物治疗高血压的临床疗效作一综述。

关键词： Malus domestica B.   Serie Geneva (R)   Accumulated productive efficience  

摘要： The purpose of this work was to evaluate development, quality, and productivity of Maxi Gala apple fruit grafted on rootstocks G.213, M.9 and Marubakaido with M.9 inter-graft on virgin soil and replanting area conditions, in Vacaria-RS, Brazil. The planting effect was evaluated separately for each set of rootstocks. The experimental areas were prepared in the winter of 2011, spacing of 1.0 x 4.0 m and density of 2500 plants per hectare, with Fuji Suprema as pollinator in 1:4 proportion. The plants were conducted in Tall Spindle system and the evaluations were managed for nine years. We observed that M.9 rootstock has low vigor, high productive efficiency, but low productivity, in both planting soils. The semi-vigorous rootstocks MB/M.9-30 and MB/M.9-20 were characterized by high vigor, high productivity (reduced in replanting area) and low productive efficiency. The G.213 rootstock was characterized by low vigor, high productivity, and high productive efficiency. Except G.213, all rootstocks had high production alternation values, especially when in replanting. In both experiments the rootstocks G.213 and M.9 were efficient in vigor controll, however the rootstock G.213 is more productive and stable over the years, providing greater productive efficiency in Maxi Gala than M.9. It was observed that the fruit quality of Maxi Gala cultivar measured by firmness, degrees Brix, diameter and weight are not influenced by the rootstocks evaluated.

关键词： Palm oil  

摘要： Multicomponent one-pot Biginelli reactions have been successfully performed using vegetable oil as bio-based, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly solvents. Palm oil was demonstrated to be a highly effective greener solvent as compared to petroleum-based solvents such as cyclohexane, with comparable yields for the Biginelli reaction of urea, benzaldehyde, and methyl 3-oxobutanoate, of 74% and 73%, respectively. Moreover, palm oil was easily recovered from the reaction mixture and reused for at least 4 additional reactions with a consistent yield of 60%, which was in stark contrast with cyclohexane that was unable to recovered and reused in this reaction. Virgin palm oil exhibited clear solvent effects including enhanced solubility of substrates and promotion of the keto-enol tautomerisation leading to an increased reaction productivity when compared to previous published bio-based solvents such as p-cymene and ethyl lactate. Green metrics evaluation using process mass intensity (PMI), E-factor, solvent intensity (SI), and water intensity (WI) for the Biginelli reaction using palm oil was found to be more sustainable and safer than cyclohexane, p-cymene and ethyl lactate. Moreover, waste palm oil could be utilised with comparable yields to p-cymene and ethyl lactate, but importantly has a lower associated environmental impact. If sustainably sourced, vegetable oils can create new opportunities for chemists to improve the green credentials of multicomponent reactions with a safer and cheaper renewable alternative to petroleum derived solvents.

关键词： Climate change   Nutrient loading modelling   VEMALA   Agriculture   Manure recycling   Optimal fertilisation  

摘要： This paper introduces a framework for extending global climate and socioeconomic scenarios in order to study agricultural nutrient pollution on an individual catchment scale. Our framework builds on and extends Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) and Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) at the spatial and temporal scales that are relevant for the drivers of animal husbandry, manure recycling and the application of inorganic fertilisers in crop production. Our case study area is the Aura river catchment in South-West Finland, which discharges into the heavily eutrophic Baltic Sea. The Aura river catchment has intensive agriculture - both livestock and crop production. Locally adjusted and interpreted climate and socioeconomic scenarios were used as inputs to a field-level economic optimisation in order to study how farmers might react to the changing markets and climate conditions under different SSPs. The results on economically optimal fertilisation levels were then used as inputs to the spatially and temporally explicit nutrient loading model (VEMALA). Alternative manure recycling strategies that matched with SSP narratives were studied as means to reduce the phosphorus (P) overfertilisation in areas with high livestock density. According to our simulations, on average the P loads increased by 18% during 2071-2100 from the current level and the variation in P loads between scenarios was large (from -14% to +50%). By contrast, the nitrogen (N) loads had decreased on average by -9% (with variation from -20% to +3%) by the end of the current century. Phosphorus loading was most sensitive to manure recycling strategies and the speed of climate change. Nitrogen loading was less sensitive to changes in climate and socioeconomic drivers. (c) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://***/licenses/by/4.0/).

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关键词： Saponin   Plant extracts   Emulsifying properties   Tribulus terrestris   Trigonella foenum-graecum   Ruscus aculeatus  

摘要： Due to synthetic surfactants' environmental impact, their replacement by natural alternatives has gained relevance, with saponins emerging as sustainable approaches. In this work, three saponin-rich extracts from different sources (Tribulus terrestris (TT), Trigonella foenum-graecum (FG), and Ruscus aculeatus (RA)) were tested as emulsifiers, and their performance compared with Quillaja Bark saponin (PS). Characterisation comprised FTIR, solubility studies, CMC assays, and emulsifying properties (emulsifying capacity (EC) and foaming capacity (FC)). For all samples, solubility assays indicated high solubility in water and low in apolar solvents (e.g., nhexane), compatible with their O/W emulsifier character. In general, the saponin content ruled extracts' performance (PS > TT > FG > RA). EC values (without pH adjustment) were found to be 82.5, 55.0, 47.5, 36.3%, respectively. When pH changed for 7 and 9, a shift in FG and RA order was observed. The pseudo-ternary diagrams, constructed to map emulsion's composition zones, indicate the formation of single-phase systems in the region of low oil and high extract content. Except for RA extract, gel samples were formed, which are interesting technological solutions for several applications. Among the studied samples, and in alternative to PS, TT extract showed the best performance.