关键词： CAM   Meta-analyses   Insomnia   Symptom cluster   Contextual sensibility  

摘要： This study systematically reviewed randomized controlled trials (RCT), published in English or Chinese, investigating the effect of complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) on significant insomnia/poor sleep quality and accompanying depression and/or anxiety symptoms. A meta-analysis was completed by calculating within-group effect size (ES) of each CAM treatment on sleep, depression and/or anxiety measures. Moderating analyses of study quality, language, treatment duration and presence of physical diseases were conducted to evaluate their impact on ESs. Between-group ES of CAM (vs. non-specific/ placebo controls) were computed among high-quality studies. From an initial pool of 5047 articles, a total of 72 studies were included in the meta-analysis (44 in English;28 in Chinese). All CAM modalities yielded significant, moderate to large effect sizes on sleep, depression, and anxiety symptoms yet with high heterogeneity. Significant between-group differences on sleep measures were found only between mindfulness-based treatment and non-specific/placebo controls. Chinese literature are associated with larger ESs. Future study should examine the presence and nature of the active components in different CAM approaches. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Araneophagic predator   Behavioral flexibility   Foraging strategy   Prey choice  

摘要： Kleptoparasitism is assumed to be the main foraging strategy in some animal groups, such as the spiders of the subfamily Argyrodinae (Theridiidae). However, some species may also feed on silk threads, egg sacs, or even their hosts. The conditions determining these alternative foraging tactics remain unknown for most species. We performed field observations, stable isotope analysis and laboratory experiments to investigate kleptoparasitism and araneophagy of Argyrodes elevatus and Faiditus caudatus in webs of Manogea porracea (Araneidae). We evaluated the following hypotheses: (1) both species exhibit higher trophic positions than their hosts and closest to an araneophagic sympatric species;(2) host web selection is influenced by the presence of alternative resources (adult male and female, and egg sacs);and (3) they preferentially consume egg sacs instead of stored prey items. Both argyrodines showed higher trophic positions than their female hosts and closest to an araneophagic spider species. The invaders were found mainly on host webs with one adult and egg sacs and with egg sacs only. Finally, A. elevatus preferred to feed on prey captured by the host spider instead of egg sacs. We discussed the factors that can potentially determine the choices between foraging exclusively as kleptoparasites and consuming the hosts.

关键词： Neurosurgery   Neurosciences  

摘要： A 56-year-old man with an ocular history of strabismus surgery at age 3 years, anatomically narrow angles, and patent laser peripheral iridotomies in both eyes underwent refractive lens exchange in which a SA60AT (Alcon Laboratories, Inc.) 38 diopter (D) intraocular lens (IOL) was implanted in the right eye and a SA60AT 36 D IOL was implanted in the left eye. He presented with symptoms consistent with negative dysphotopsia (ND) in both eyes immediately after surgery, describing temporal dark arcs that were constantly present and did not improve over the past 2 years. Of note, the patient was most symptomatic in the left eye. On examination, the manifest refractions and corrected distance visual acuities were -0.50+1.50 x 20 and 20/20 in the right eye and +0.75-1.25 x 158 and 20/20 in the left eye;visual fields, extraocular motility, and pupils were normal. Intraocular pressures were normal as measured by applanation tonometry at 10 mm Hg in both eyes. Slitlamp examination revealed trace meibomian gland disease in both eyes, normal tear lake and cornea, and patent peripheral laser iridotomies at the 11 o'clock position in the right eye and the 1 o'clock position in the left eye. The anterior chamber was slightly shallow temporally but deep centrally and quiet in both eyes. The lens examination revealed 4.0 mm anterior fibrotic capsule openings with well-positioned SA60AT posterior chamber IOLs in the bag with haptics at 1 and 7 o'clock in both eyes (Figure 1). The posterior capsule was intact with trace posterior capsule opacification in both eyes and striae in the posterior capsules. Dilated fundus examination was unremarkable with a cup-to-disc ratio of 0.4 in the right eye and 0.3 in the left eye and normal pink neuroretinal rims. What strategies would you offer this patient to treat the ND and what specific testing and counseling do you provide for patients with this condition? Copyright (C) 2021 Published by Wolters Kluwer on behalf of ASCRS and ESCRS

关键词： critical thermal minima   fish   methods   temperature   water cooling  

摘要： Water temperature is an important abiotic factor that impacts physiological processes in fish. Attempts to quantify thermal tolerance of fishes exposed to various temperatures have been performed since the 1800s. A common approach to test the thermal tolerance of fishes is the critical thermal method. Traditionally this method has required access to large and expensive lab equipment. However, many individuals may not have direct access to such equipment, making critical thermal studies difficult-to-impossible to conduct. We present a simple and cost-friendly alternative device to use for critical thermal minima trials. This device uses a cooler with a copper line and copper coil to chill water within an aquarium. A pump and valves control the water flow as it passes from the aquarium through the copper. This allows the user to lower the water temperature in the aquarium from 28(o)C to 0(o)C at a steady rate of 0.23(o)C min(-1). The device allows those with limited funding or without access to traditional lab equipment the ability to perform critical thermal minima trials, expanding our collective understanding of life histories of fish and their potential vulnerabilities to increasingly altered thermal environments.

关键词： GWP   Alternative refrigerant   R-404A   Condensation heat transfer   Pressure drop  

摘要： The literature survey reveals that condensation or evaporation study of R-404A alternative refrigerants are lacking. In this study, four R-404A alternative refrigerants - two short term refrigerants (GWP(100)<= 2500: R-448A, R-449A) and two long term refrigerants (GWP(100)<= 150: R-455A, R-454C) - including R-404A (GWP(100) = 3922) were tested under condensation condition. Test range included mass flux from 80 to 400 kg m(-2) s(-1), vapour quality from 0.2 to 0.8. Test tube had 5.6 mm inne diameter. Results showed that, at a low mass flux, heat transfer coefficients of the alternative refrigerants were approximately the same as those of R-404A. On the other hand, at a high mass flux of 400 kg m(-2) s(-1), heat transfer coefficients of the alternative refrigerants were higher than those of R-404A. The reason was attributed to the balance of superior thermal properties, which were beneficial, and larger temperature glide, which were malign, of the alternative refrigerants compared with those of R-404A. Pressure drops of alternative refrigerants were larger than those of R-404A. Furthermore, long term refrigerants (R-454C, R-455A) yielded larger pressure drops than short term refrigerants (R-448A, R-449A), probably due to the influence of vapour density. Furthermore, data are compared with predictions by existing correlations. (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd and IIR. All rights reserved.

关键词： Teratogenicity   Rat whole embryo culture   Zebrafish embryo culture   Murine embryonic stem cells   Embryo-fetal lethality   Malformations   PPV   NPV   Likelihood ratios  

摘要： An IQ DruSafe working group evaluated the concordance of 3 alternative teratogenicity assays (rat whole embryo culture, rWEC;zebrafish embryo culture, ZEC;and murine embryonic stem cells, mESC) with findings from rat or rabbit embryo-fetal development (EFD) studies. Data for 90 individual compounds from 9 companies were entered into a database. In vivo findings were deemed positive if malformations or embryo-fetal lethality were reported in either species. Each company used their own criteria for deciding whether the alternative assay predicted the in vivo findings. Standard concordance parameters were calculated, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) were adjusted for the aggregate portfolio prevalence of positive compounds (established by a survey of participating companies), and positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR+ and iLR-) were calculated. Of the 3 assays, only rWEC data were robustly predictive, particularly for negative predictions (NPVadj = 92%). However, both LR+ (4.92) and iLR- (4.72) were statistically significant for the rWEC assay. When analyzed separately for rats, the NPVadj and iLR-values for the rWEC assay increased to 96% and 9.75, respectively. These data suggest that a negative rWEC outcome could defer or replace a rat EFD study in certain regulatory settings.

关键词： epistasis   genetic diversification   mistranslation   molecular evolution   phenotypic mutations  

摘要： Darwinian evolution preferentially follows mutational pathways whose individual steps increase fitness. Alternative pathways with mutational steps that do not increase fitness are less accessible. Here, we show that mistranslation, the erroneous incorporation of amino acids into nascent proteins, can increase the accessibility of such alternative pathways and, ultimately, of high fitness genotypes. We subject populations of the beta-lactamase TEM-1 to directed evolution in Escherichia coli under both low- and high-mistranslation rates, selecting for high activity on the antibiotic cefotaxime. Under low mistranslation rates, different evolving TEM-1 populations ascend the same high cefotaxime-resistance peak, which requires three canonical DNA mutations. In contrast, under high mistranslation rates they ascend three different high cefotaxime-resistance genotypes, which leads to higher genotypic diversity among populations. We experimentally reconstruct the adaptive DNA mutations and the potential evolutionary paths to these high cefotaxime-resistance genotypes. This reconstruction shows that some of the DNA mutations do not change fitness under low mistranslation, but cause a significant increase in fitness under high-mistranslation, which helps increase the accessibility of different high cefotaxime-resistance genotypes. In addition, these mutations form a network of pairwise epistatic interactions that leads to mutually exclusive evolutionary trajectories towards different high cefotaxime-resistance genotypes. Our observations demonstrate that protein mistranslation and the phenotypic mutations it causes can alter the evolutionary exploration of fitness landscapes and reduce the predictability of evolution.

关键词： Electromagnetic transients   Transmission line models   Phase-domain models   EMT-type programs   Frequency-dependent soil parameters  

摘要： The universal line model (ULM) is a transmission line model developed directly in the phase domain that is recognized for its accuracy and generality. It is currently the reference model for transient studies, but is exclusively found on commercial electromagnetic transients programs. This paper describes an implementation of ULM in the Alternative Transients Program (ATP), which is free for licensed users, using the foreign models tool and the type-94 component available in this platform. The implemented model is validated through comparisons with EMTP-RV. Then, it is used to investigate transients on overhead transmission lines considering a rigorous representation of the ground return impedance and ground admittance assuming frequency-dependent ground parameters.

关键词： Electric vehicles   Business model   Innovation adoption   Psychological antecedents   Psychosocial view  

摘要： Electric vehicles (EVs) are one of the major green technologies, and existing literature has extensively examined consumer adoption of EVs in an EV-buying business model. By contrast, little attention has been paid to consumers' adoption of EVs in non-ownership-based business models. To fill this literature gap, this study examines the psychological antecedents to, and influencing mechanism for, consumers to adopt EVs in different business models. Using time-lagged design, we show that need for uniqueness (NFU) trait enhances consumers' psychosocial view of EVs. This in turn promotes consumers' intention to adopt EVs in innovative business models such as EV leasing and business-to-consumer EV sharing. We further find that risk aversion negatively affects intention to adopt EVs in innovative business models only. Furthermore, consumers' intention to adopt EVs in innovative business models is positively associated with their intention to buy EVs. Moving beyond the EVbuying business model, we contribute to the sustainable innovation literature by exploring the psychological antecedents to, and mediator of, the psychosocial view in consumers' adoption of EVs in different business models. Our work has significant value for green marketing and public policies of sustainable innovations.