关键词： Chromium nitride   Sputtering   Minting dies   Nano-impact   Fatigue  

摘要： Aiming to improve the protection of human health and the environment, REACH regulation was enforced across European Union, accelerating the need to find alternative solutions to the electrodeposition processes of hexavalent chromium employed in several industrial applications. Electroplated chromium coatings are widely used due to their physical and mechanical properties that allow a longer service life of products that usually fail due to wear. Minting is one of those applications where good mechanical and tribological properties are required and where hard chromium has an important usage without being outmatched by other coatings. This study presents the development of an alternative coating to hard chromium with outstanding mechanical properties, in particular high resistance to cyclic loads. Cr(Al,Si)N coatings have been produced by reactive DC magnetron sputtering. Focusing on mechanical properties, an increase in the hardness was observed with the consecutive addition of elements to the base matrix (CrN), ranging from approximate to 10 GPa in CrN coatings up to approximate to 17 GPa for the CrAlSiN coatings. In nano-impact tests, CrAlN coatings had the best performance and no crack events by fatigue were observed by SEM after 50 impacts, with load maximum 20mN, with an estimated maximum contact pressure of 1.5 GPa much higher than the one requested for coinage. The fatigue wear was governed by the H/E ratio and plasticity index showing that Cr(Al,Si)N coatings deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering can be considered excellent candidates for cyclic loading, as in minting applications.

关键词： Bark   Ionic liquids   Extraction   Flavonoids   Energetic analysis  

摘要： Tree barks are rich in extractive compounds, among which the flavonoids are considered as products of interest. Due to the increase in the demand for these natural products, the development of efficient and sustainable extraction processes is needed. This work aimed to study the selective extraction of flavonoids from Larix decidua bark using an environmentally friendly process. For this purpose, different extraction techniques as well as different solvents were used in order to achieve the highest flavonoid content. The characterisation results revealed improvements in extraction yield not only with the use of intensification processes, but also with the use of ionic liquids as solvents with a proven selectivity for flavonoids. [C4C1im]Br and [C4C1im][BF4] considerably improved the total flavonoid content in comparison with the other extraction methods. The antioxidant capacities of all the extracts obtained were very high, confirming their potential for different applications. The [C4C1im]Br (25 wt%) was selected as the best solvent not only because of its good flavonoid extraction ability, but also because of the good antioxidant properties of the extract, and simultaneous microwave-ultrasound assisted extraction was the most energy saving process.

关键词： 头孢菌素类药物   联合   其他药物   不良反应   对策  

摘要： 目的 分析头孢菌素类药物联合其他药物所致的不良反应及相应对策.方法 将2019年3月至2010年3月期间在我院使用头孢菌素类药物联合其他药物进行治疗之后出现不良反应的90例病患作为本次研究的研究对象.结果 年龄高于六十岁的病患治疗后发生不良反应的概率为52.64％,第三代头孢菌素类药物发生不良反应的概率为47.92％,出现不良反应的原因为联合用药不当,主要的不良反应为神经系统反应.结论 在临床治疗中使用头孢菌素类药物对病患进行治疗,应当提前对其适应症进行充分的了解,同时考虑病患的年龄等相关因素,继而确保用药治疗的安全性,降低不良反应发生的概率.

关键词： coronary artery   aneurysm   pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome  

关键词： HO1   alternative polyadenylation   adipogenesis   microRNAs  

摘要： Appropriately increasing intramuscular fat content can help improve meat quality, so it is necessary to explore the internal molecular mechanism of preadipocyte differentiation. The role of heme oxygenase 1 (HO1) in cell oxidative stress, energy metabolism, cell proliferation, and differentiation has gradually been revealed. Here, we used 3'RACE to identify the full-length 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of HO1 and found that a very short 3'UTR variant was produced by alternative polyadenylation (APA). HO1 with a long 3'UTR variant was identified as a direct target of miR155-5P and miR377-3P. Our experimental results verified the inhibitory effect of HO1 on preadipocyte differentiation. In addition, our research confirms that by escaping microRNA inhibitory effects, the HO1 3'UTR short variant produced by APA has a higher level of expression. Thus, the HO1 3'UTR short variant has a stronger inhibitory effect on the preadipocyte differentiation than the HO1 3'UTR long variants in 3T3-L1.

关键词： Atmospheric chemistry   Bond cleavage   Ethers   Particulate matter   Computer simulations  

摘要： An increasing number of alternative flame retardants (FRs) are being introduced, following the international bans on the use of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) commercial mixtures. FRs' production capacity has shifted from developed countries to developing countries, with China being the world's largest producer and consumer of FRs. These chemicals are also imported with e-waste to China. Therefore, it is important to understand the current status of regulated brominated FRs, their phase-out in China, and their replacement by alternatives. In this study, a broad suite of legacy and alternative FRs, including eight PBDEs, six novel brominated FRs (NBFRs), two dechlorane plus variants (DPS), and 12 organophosphate FRs (OPFRs) were evaluated in the air of 10 large Chinese cities in 2018. OPFRs are the most prevalent FRs in China, exhibiting a wide range of 1-612 ng/m(3), which is several orders of magnitude higher than PBDEs (1-1827 pg/m(3)) and NBFRs (1-1428 pg/m(3)). BDE 209 and DBDPE are the most abundant compounds in brominated FRs (>80%). The North China Plain (NCP, excluding Beijing), Guangzhou, and Lanzhou appear to be three hotspots, although with different FR patterns. From 2013/2014 to 2018, levels of PBDEs, NBFRs, and DPs have significantly decreased, while that of OPFRs has increased by 1 order of magnitude. Gas-particle partitioning analysis showed that FRs could have not reached equilibrium, and the steady-state model is better suited for FRs with a higher log K-OA (>13). To facilitate a more accurate FR assessment in fine particles, we suggest that, in addition to the conventional volumetric concentration (pg/m(3)), the mass-normalized concentration (pg/g PM2.5) could also be used.

关键词： Food waste   Anaerobic digestion   Biogas   Resource utilization   Perspectives  

摘要： With the implementation of zero-waste city and waste classification in China, a large amount of food waste (FW) began to appear in concentration, and there was an urgent requirement for appropriate and efficient treatment technology. Traditional FW disposal methods (landfill and incineration) could cause several environmental problems, so resource recycling has become the main development trend of FW in China. In recent years, anaerobic digestion (AD) technology for FW resource treatment has attracted much attention due to its advantages such as the ability to obtain clean energy, low carbon emissions, and suitability for large-scale treatment compared with other recycling technologies (composting, feed, and breeding insects). Chinese policy is conducive to the development of AD for FW, which has the potential to produce methane and achieve economic and environmental benefits. This paper presents an overview of the researches, application situations, and perspectives for the AD of FW resource treatment in China. The bibliometric analysis shows that China has the most interest in the AD of FW compared to other countries, and the amount and characteristics analysis of FW indicates that FW is suitable for treatment by AD. At the same time, this review analyzes the influence factors, methods to promote AD, working mechanism, secondary pollution of AD. Besides, the article introduces and analyzes the current policies, application status, economic and environmental benefits, and problems of AD for FW resource treatment in China. AD is considered as an alternative resource treatment technology for FW, although there are still several problems such as odors, digestate, etc. In the future, China should focus on the reform of management policy, the implementation of the AD circular economy model, and the research of the biorefinery model based on AD technology. (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Fertilizer   FFP   Soil Fertility   SSNM   Yield  

摘要： Nepal is a major rice producer of South Asia, feeding more than 20 million people of the country and abroad. However, productivity and profitability of rice are low in Nepal compared to other regional countries. Large yield gaps exist between attainable and farmers' yields and nutrient management is identified as one of the major reasons. Nutrient ExpertVR (NE), a decision-support tool based on site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) principles has been validated and applied in many countries of Asia and Africa as new recommendation protocol for nutrient management in selected crops, including rice. Present study used NEVR Rice as nutrient management protocol in farmers' fields across Terai and mid-hills regions of Nepal during 2014-2018. The study revealed that NE-based fertilizer recommendations resulted in increase in yield over 2.0 *** similar to 1 (p similar to 0.05) and double the profits compared to existing blanket fertilizer recommendation, and farmers' fertilizer practice. Due to large variations in slope, altitude, soil, and management, performance of NEVR varied across locations. Its performance was better in Terai due to flat lands and less variations in soil types, compared to sloping lands and varied soils of mid-hills. NE tool provided adequate guidance to apply the required rate of fertilizer that matched the crop requirement and soil nutrient supply of each farmer fields. The novelty of the study is introduction of a dynamic fertilizer recommendation approach that can supplement the existing static blanket recommendation system. We conclude that Nutrient ExpertVR - Rice can be considered as an effective tool for nutrient recommendation for rice in Nepal.

摘要： Aldehydes comprise a major portion of skin sensitizers because they can react with both cysteine and lysine. Moreover, cinnamaldehyde (CA) is a typical moderate sensitizer and is often used in an alternative test method for skin sensitization. The amino acid derivative reactivity assay (ADRA) is an in chemico test method that evaluates the reactivity of cysteine derivatives (N-(2-(1-naphthyl)acetyl)-L-cysteine, NAC) and lysine derivatives with the test chemicals and uses CA as a proficiency substance. We found that NAC depletion for CA was only 10-20% when CA was used directly from the reagent bottle, although it increased to almost 100% when stored after being aliquoted from the reagent bottle. It was also found that this was due to the air oxidation of NAC itself rather than the reaction of NAC with CA, indicating that this result simply shows an increase in apparent reactivity. Aldehydes are known to produce active species, such as radicals, during air oxidation. Therefore, we investigated whether radicals were generated under storage conditions using the radical scavenger OH-TEMPO. LC/MS/MS analysis revealed that CA and OH-TEMPO complexes were produced during the air oxidation of CA. In the results of five aldehydes, similar to CA, active species were not generated as significantly as CA. Collectively, during the evaluation of the aldehydes, it can be seen that careful measures need to be taken to prevent the aldehydes from oxidizing during storage, indicating that assessment without preventing air oxidation carries an increased risk of overestimation compared with the intrinsic skin sensitization potency.

关键词： Bayesian inference   credible intervals   equal-tails intervals   highest posterior density intervals   pre-posterior analysis   sample size   skewness  

摘要： In Bayesian inference, the two most widely used methods for set estimation of an unknown one-dimensional parameter are equal-tails and highest posterior density intervals. The resulting estimates may be quite different for specific observed samples but, at least for standard but relevant models, they tend to become closer and closer as the sample size increases. In this article we propose a pre-posterior method for measuring the progressive alignment between these two classes of intervals and discuss relationships with the skewness of the posterior distribution. We illustrate the implementation of the method using the software R for the Poisson model and for some standard examples.