关键词： Dynamic liquid viscosity   Alternative refrigerants   R-1225ye(Z) and R-1243zf   Modified Joback group contribution method  

摘要： This paper aims to find parameters for the contribution of elements "-F" and "=C<" on the dynamic liquid viscosity. The found contribution of the element "-F" and "=C<" for the dynamic liquid viscosity, 707.816 for eta(a) and -2.3648 for eta(b) for element "-F" and -919.101 for eta(a) and 2.21487 for eta(b) for element "=C<" can be used to predict the dynamic viscosity of hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) and hydrochlorofluoroolefins (HCFOs). This paper also proposes a modified Joback's method to improve the accuracy of the prediction of the dynamic liquid viscosity. The study of six potential refrigerants R-1224yd(Z), R-1233zd(E), R-1234yf, R-1234ze(E), R-1234ze(Z), and R-1336mzz(Z) shows that the proposed modified Joback's method is more accurate than the original Joback's method. The dynamic liquid viscosity of potential refrigerants R-1243zf and R-1225ye(Z) was determined with the modified Joback's method.

关键词： Transcranial magnetic stimulation   Electroencephalography   Synchrosqueezing transform   Hilbert-Huang transform   Morlet wavelet transform  

摘要： Background: Transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) has become a powerful tool to assess cortical properties, such as cortical oscillation. An accurate and robust time-frequency analysis tool with high resolution would facilitate the understanding of TMS-evoked oscillations. Methods: The synchrosqueezing transform (SST), the Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) and the Morlet wavelet transform (MWT) were used to analyze TMS-evoked oscillations. Firstly, we generated simulation data, and compared the performance of three methods to analyze the time-frequency characteristics of simulation data;then, we collected TMS-EEG data from normal people (NOR), patients with minimally conscious state (MCS) and vegetative state (VS). SST was used to analysis time-frequency characteristics of TMS-evoked oscillations in different states of consciousness. In addition, relative power (RP) and spectral entropy (SeEn) were calculated based on SST results. Results: Simulation results showed that SST detected rhythm characteristics of instantaneous signal and background signal more completely. Results of NOR group showed that SST could more accurately detect TMS-evoked oscillations with high frequency resolution than HHT and MWT. The main frequency of TMS-evoked oscillations for DOC patients (MCS: 11.73 +/- 1.94 Hz;VS: 2.06 +/- 0.25 Hz) was different from that of NOR (22.79 +/- 1.42 Hz) based on SST. RP and SeEn further verified the differences of the main frequency of TMS-evoked oscillations between NOR and DOC patients. Conclusions: The results suggest that SST is a robust analytical method and outperforms HHT and MWT in studying TMS-evoked oscillations. The main frequency of TMS-evoked oscillations of DOC was lower than that of NOR.

关键词： Metasurface lens   Alternative plasmonics   Peano space filling curve   Conformal Talbot effect  

摘要： Focusing performance of Peano space filling curve-based fractal construction is studied at communication wavelength of 1550 nm. Lensing by diffraction from these finite-sized 2D devices of the first three iterated fractal lattice system constructed with gallium-doped zinc oxide is computationally demonstrated in a systematical manner. In this regard, focusing performance parameters such as efficiency, spot size, focal length, focal depth, and fill-factor are determined on the basis of geometrical parameter sweep and fractal generation through finite difference timedomain simulations. Focusing efficiency from 48% up to 60%, absolute efficiency from 14% up to 33.98%, numerical aperture values from 0.127 up to 0.96, spot sizes from 1.02 lambda SP up to 11.25 lambda SP, and focal depth larger than focal length are introduced by all computational samples. A conformal Talbot effect is assigned when appropriate geometric values are provided. A novel perspective is offered by a newly adapted fractal lattice to optics via an alternative plasmonic material perspective, especially for an optical fiber component.

关键词： Fish oil   Morbidity   Olive oil   Preterm   Total parenteral nutrition  

摘要： Objective To compare clinical outcomes of using different alternative lipid emulsions for longer durations in babies who are at high risk for preterm morbidities. Methods Preterm infants born <= 30 wk receiving SMOFlipid versus Clinoleic with longer durations (>= 14 d) were included in this retrospective study. The authors compared demographic features, clinical applications, and morbidities between epochs: epoch 1 (Clinoleic, July 2017-June 2018) versus epoch 2 (SMOFlipid, July 2018-June 2019). Results A total of 91 infants were included in the study. In bivariate analysis;moderate bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) (p = 0.000) and composite outcome [BPD, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) needed treatment, cholestasis and late-onset sepsis and/or mortality] rates were significantly higher (p = 0.043) in Clinoleic group. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, it was found that the type of lipid emulsion used had no significant effect on these morbidities. Conclusions Since both groups had comparable morbidity and mortality, both lipid emulsions are equally safe in preterm babies requiring parenteral nutrition.

关键词： elite control   HIV cure   HIV persistence   HIV remission   HIV reservoir   immune control   posttreatment control  

摘要： Purpose of review To provide an overview of studies to date that have identified posttreatment controllers (PTCs) and to explore current evidence around clinical characteristics, immune effector function, and inflammatory and viral reservoir characteristics that may underlie the control mechanism. Recent findings PTCs are broadly defined as individuals capable of maintaining control of HIV replication after cessation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). While starting ART early after HIV infection is associated with PTC, genetic disposition or CD8+ T-cell function do not appear to explain this phenomenon, but these features have not been exhaustively analyzed in PTCs. A lower frequency of latently infected cells prior to stopping ART has been associated with achieving PTC, including a lower level of intact HIV DNA, but more studies are needed to map the genetic location, epigenetic characteristics, and tissue distribution of the intact HIV reservoir in PTCs. Current studies are small and heterogeneous and there is a significant need to agree on a uniform definition of PTC. Many aspects of PTC are still unexplored including whether specific features of genetic disposition, immune effector functions, and/or viral reservoir characteristics play a role in PTC. A large multisite international cohort study could aide in providing the important insights needed to fully understand PTC.

关键词： Cell wall   HM pectin   LM pectin   Functional properties   Plant wastes   Pectin extraction  

摘要： After cellulose, pectin is the most abundant plant polysaccharide. For decades pectins have been industrially produced from two types of raw material (citrus peel and apple pomace, by-products from juice industry). However, it has been demonstrated that several unutilised and discarded wastes from agricultural, agroindustry and food industry have potential to produce gelling pectins in accordance with the purity criteria set by FAO and EU. The increasing demand for natural-based ingredients for materials, food and health pointed out for the need of growing the pectin production.

关键词： biology of bone   magnetic resonance imaging   pediatric sports medicine   knee  

摘要： Background: In managing pediatric knee conditions, an accurate bone age assessment is often critical for diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment purposes. Historically, the Greulich and Pyle atlas (hand atlas) has been the gold standard bone age assessment tool. In 2013, a shorthand bone age assessment tool based on this atlas (hand shorthand) was devised as a simpler and more efficient alternative. Recently, a knee magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) bone age atlas (MRI atlas) was created to circumvent the need for a left-hand radiograph. Purpose: To create a shorthand version of the knee MRI atlas. Study Design: Cohort study (diagnosis);Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A shorthand bone age assessment method was created utilizing the previously published MRI atlas, which utilizes several criteria that are visualized across a series of images. The MRI shorthand draws on characteristic criteria for each age that are best observed on a single MRI scan. For validation, we performed a retrospective assessment of skeletally immature patients. One reader performed the bone age assessment using the MRI atlas and the MRI shorthand on 200 patients. Then, 4 readers performed the bone age assessment with the hand atlas, hand shorthand, MRI atlas, and MRI shorthand on a subset of 22 patients in a blinded fashion. All 22 patients had a knee MRI scan and a left-hand radiograph within 4 weeks of each other. Interobserver and intraobserver reliability, as well as variability among observers, were evaluated. Results: A total of 200 patients with a mean age of 13.5 years (range, 9.08-17.98 years) were included in this study. Also, 22 patients with a mean age of 13.3 years (range, 9.0-15.6 years) had a knee MRI scan and a left-hand radiograph within 4 weeks. The intraobserver and interobserver reliability of all 4 assessment tools were acceptable (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] >= 0.8;P < .001). When comparing the MRI shorthand with the MRI atlas, there was excellent agreement (ICC

关键词： Joule's experiment   Baconian science   Heat   Energy   First principle of thermodynamics   Aristotelian organization   Problem-based organization   Doubly negated propositions   Introduction of mathematics in a physical theory   Alternative physical theories  

摘要： A re-visitation of Joule's experiment motivates a critical analysis of thermodynamic notions: heat, total energy, first principle, organization of a scientific theory, its relationships with logic and mathematics. A rational re-construction of thermodynamics is suggested according to the model of a problem-based organization, that Sadi Carnot applied to his formulation. The new formulation accomplishes the long time theoretical process started by Joule's experiment within physicists community's collective mind, i.e. the process of exiting out Baconian science for suggesting a first theory out Newton's paradigm, and eventually for introducing a pluralism of incompatible physical theories.