关键词： large accelerator facilities   accelerator classification   licensing procedure   regulatory framework   Nuclear Safety Act  

摘要： Large accelerator facilities for scientific research and particle accelerators for radiotherapy have been constructed in Korea. The environments requiring radiological protection procedures have changed substantially and the legal requirements have also increased. However, the same regulatory criteria that are applied to small radiation-generating devices also apply to large accelerator facilities. This study evaluates an approach that uses new criteria based on radiological risk to classify different types of large accelerator facilities. To inform this study, regulations and licensing procedures adopted in various countries were reviewed. The radiological risks from different types of particle accelerators and different types of accelerated particles were investigated in relation to current and planned large accelerators in Korea. The investigation was based on neutron yield and induced radioactivity calculations undertaken using the Monte-Carlo code FLUKA. Based on this analysis, we propose two categories for large accelerator facilities. In the process of the facility construction through to getting an operation permit, we also propose a graded approach, which would require changes in the Korean Nuclear Safety Act. A two-step licensing procedure with a prior review and a final permit for accelerator operation is very practical and conservative in the view of radiation protection. The review process for the revision of the Nuclear Safety Act is currently in progress and a major aspect of this revision reflects the results of this study.

关键词： Biodiesel   By-product   Cottonseed cake   Crude glycerin   Sheep  

摘要： The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of replacing ground corn with crude glycerin and soybean meal by cottonseed cake, in association or not, on digestibility and intake of dietary nutrients, performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of feedlot lambs. Thirty-two non-castrated crossbred 1/2 Santa Ines x 1/2 Dorper lambs, with an average body weight of 18.52 +/- 3.24 kg (mean +/- standard deviation) and with 3 months of age were distributed in a randomized complete block design, into four treatments and eight replicates per treatment, in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme. Four experimental diets were tested with different sources or combinations of energy and protein ingredients, respectively, in the concentrate: 1) ground corn + soybean meal;2) ground corn and cottonseed cake;3) crude glycerin and soybean meal;4) crude glycerin and cottonseed cake. There was an interaction between the energy and protein sources in ether extract intake and total digestible nutrients digestibility (P < 0.01). There was an interaction between the energy and protein sources in the total weight gain (P = 0.03), hot (P = 0.03) and cold (P = 0.04) carcass weights, and shear force (P = 0.29). The inclusion of crude glycerin decreased (P = 0.01) the dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) intakes, and the apparent digestibilitis of OM, NDF, and NFC (P < 0.05). Crude glycerin decreased the amount of retained nitrogen (P = 0.02), lower final weight (P < 0.01), average daily gain and cold carcass yield. An increase ocurred in the NDF intake (P < 0.05) when lambs were fed diet with cottonseed cake and a decrease (P < 0.01) in the digestibilities of DM, OM, CP and NDF. The replacement of 100% of ground corn by crude glycerin, with low purity, is not recommended in diets for feedlot lambs, because it decreases animal performance. In contrast, the total replacement of soybean meal by cottonseed cake

关键词： CO2   Carbon Capture   Hybrid   Slurry   Uptake   Sorption   Regeneration Energy   Solvent   Adsorbent  

摘要： The mitigation of carbon dioxide emissions using hybrid-slurry systems evolved over recent years as an alternative for conventional processes for CO2 capture. The hybrid systems capture CO2 by both of adsorption and absorption processes. Generally, this review discusses the concept, provides illustrations, preparation techniques, transport mechanisms and separation performance for different slurry systems found in the literature. Various slurry/nanofluid systems were screened to identify their gas separation performance based on gas uptake (amount and rate), sorption and desorption enthalpy and kinetics as compared to chemical absorption processes. The hybrid systems are categorized as aqueous, amine, alcohol, ionic liquid, Nanoparticle Organic Hybrid Materials (NOHMs), and enzymatic based. Various solid adsorbents are suspended in these solvents include carbons, zeolites, metal oxides, metal organic frameworks (MOFs) and Zeolite Imidazolate Frameworks (ZIFs). Overall, the slurry systems provide some strengths represented in lower regeneration energy and enhanced mass transfer by different mechanisms. On the other hand, the application of hybrid-slurry systems is challenged by different limitations such as material cost, pumping difficulty, wearing and erosion, phase stability, and solvent degradation. These challenges require proper addressing and tackling to move the hybrids towards large scale applications.

摘要： INTRODUCTION: The impact of the 2019 US Food and Drug Administration safety alert involving transmission of multidrug resistant organisms through fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and the COVID-19 pandemic on the use of FMT in children, is unknown. METHODS: A survey of pediatric gastroenterologists performing FMT for Clostridioides difficile infection was conducted. RESULTS: Of 36 respondents, 17 (47%) and 30 (83%) changed their FMT practices related to the US Food and Drug Administration safety alert and COVID-19 pandemic, respectively, with 22 (61%) of programs halted. DISCUSSION: The US Food and Drug Administration safety alert and COVID-19 pandemic have substantially influenced the availability and access of FMT for children.

关键词： Miscellaneous colloidal particles   Media milling   Defatted walnut flour   Pickering emulsions  

摘要： Media milling, an efficient and organic solvent-free method without the use of chemical modification, has been developed to engineer novel walnut-based miscellaneous colloidal particles. The defatted walnut flour particles (DWFPs), which were prepared by a novel continuous phase transition extraction method operated under low temperature (i.e., 50-65 degrees C) followed by 6-h media milling, were spherical shape with an average size of 753.0 +/- 27.8 nm. These particles were mainly composed of proteins (55.6 +/- 0.2 wt%) and carbohydrates (24.0 +/- 0.2 wt %) and demonstrated the ability to form a gel-like network structure in Pickering emulsions (PEs). The visual observation and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) showed that the PE droplets stabilized by DWFPs had a good stability over a prolonged storage time (i.e., 3-month storage). Increasing particle concentration (c) in aqueous phase led to the increased emulsified phase volume, decreased oil droplet sizes, and increased storage moduli G' for the viscoelastic responses. As the oil volume fraction (phi) increased, the emulsified phase volume fraction and droplet size increased while their rheological properties shifted from fluid-like to gel-like behaviors. The method developed in this study is significant in value-added utilization of walnut products and provides a new insight into facile fabrication of stable food-grade Pickering emulsions-based functional foods using miscellaneous particle stabilizers from walnut extracts.

关键词： cathodoluminescence   EBSD   EPMA   kyanite   metamorphism  

摘要： Cathodoluminescence (CL) images of kyanite reveal several internal textures, including sector zoning, oscillatory zoning, and cross-cutting relationships among different domains. Many textures observed in kyanite correspond to discrete events, thereby connecting kyanite textures to the pressure-temperature (P-T) history of the rock. To evaluate the record of metamorphism preserved by kyanite, metapelites were selected from three different orogens that reflect P-T conditions ranging from amphibolite to ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) facies. Cross-correlation of variations in CL intensity, chemistry, and crystal orientation within kyanite indicate the following findings. First, the preservation of original growth zones in kyanite from poly-metamorphic rocks demonstrates that growth zoning in kyanite persists through metamorphic events and is not erased by diffusion or complete recrystallization. In some samples, kyanite retains evidence of its reaction history during growth. Second, measured changes in absolute crystallographic orientation do not correspond with changes in CL intensity in any of the measured samples, including kyanite twins. Third, both kink banding and undulatory extinction are present across all samples, consistent with rotation about in the (100)[001] slip system. Kyanite from (U)HP samples exhibits higher amplitude undulations than kyanite from lower-grade lithologies, suggesting that crystallographic orientation data may provide complementary insight about deformation along the P-T path. Fourth, specific CL and trace element signatures in kyanite can be correlated with discrete metamorphic histories;yet, CL intensity and colour are affected by multiple elements, not a single controlling element. In sum, multiple generations of kyanite can be identified by careful cross-correlation of CL and geochemical data, and when combined with crystal orientation data, kyanite provides a robust record of a rock's P-T evolution.

关键词： DNA damage   drug therapy   homologous recombination   prostatic neoplasms, castration-resistant  

摘要： Purpose: We aimed to explore the association between genomic status and clinical outcome of platinum-based chemotherapy among patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC).Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of 55 patients with mCRPC who received platinum-based chemotherapy after the progression to docetaxel chemotherapy and underwent genomic profiling of 14 homologous recombination (HR) pathway genes. Progression-free survival (PFS) was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier ***: Of 55 patients, 23 harbored genomic defects in HR pathway genes. Median prostate specific antigen (PSA)-PFS for the HR defect group was 6.7 months compared with 2.6 months for the no HR defect group (p=0.001). The patients harboring somatic HR defect displayed shorter PSA-PFS than those harboring germline HR defect (4.5 months vs not available; p=0.066). The PSA50 (patients who survived for 12 weeks and had a PSA decline over 50% from baseline) response rate displayed higher in patients harboring BRCA2 or ATM defect (6/8, 75.0%) than in those harboring CDK12 defect (2/9, 22.2%; p=0.06). Patients harboring BRCA2 or ATM defect displayed prolonged PSA-PFS, compared with those harboring CDK12 defect and those harboring other HR defect (p=0.038). In multivariate Cox regression analysis, HR defect and BRCA2 or ATM defect were independent significant factors associated with superior PAS-PFS to platinum-based ***: The patients with mCRPC harboring alterations in different HR genes displayed distinct response to platinum-based chemotherapy. Patients with mCRPC harboring genomic defects in crucial HR genes either in the germline or somatic, especially BRCA2 and ATM, might experience superior outcomes to platinum-based chemotherapy, compared with those harboring CDK12 defect.(C) 2021 by the American Urological Association, Inc.

关键词： prostatic neoplasms  

摘要： Purpose: The freehand (FH) technique of transperineal prostate biopsy using commercialized needle access systems facilitates a reduction in anesthesia requirements from general to local or local/sedation. We sought to compare the efficacy and complication rates of the FH method with those of the standard grid-based (GB) *** and Methods: The GB method was performed from 2014 to 2018, and the updated FH technique was performed from 2018 to 2020, yielding comparative cohorts of 174 and 304, ***: The FH and GB techniques demonstrated equivalent yields of >=Gleason grade group (GGG)-2 prostate cancer (PCa). The FH group had a significantly higher mean number of cores with >=GGG-2 PCa involvement (p=0.011) but a significantly lower mean number of biopsy samples (p <0.01). The urinary retention rate of the GB group (10%) was significantly higher than that of the FH group (1%; p <0.01). The rates of >=GGG-2 PCa involvement in the anterior (GB, 31%) and anteromedial (FH, 22%) sectors were higher than those in other sectors (range, 0%-9%). For multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging, the rate of >=GGG-2 PCa detection in the anteromedial prostate (23%) was nearly half that in other locations (range, 38%-55%).Conclusions: Compared with GB transperineal biopsy, FH transperineal biopsy demonstrates an equivalent cancer yield with no risk of sepsis, a significantly reduced risk of urinary retention, and reduced anesthesia needs. The higher number of cores with >=GGG-2 PCa involvement in the FH group suggests that FH transperineal biopsy can sample the prostate better than GB-transperineal biopsy can.(C) 2021 by the American Urological Association, Inc.

关键词： Medicine/Public Health   general   Pediatrics   Pediatric Surgery  

摘要： Background: There is no consensus regarding the definition of pediatric metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study assessed the impact of alternative definitions on the prevalence, children identified, and association with socioeconomic status (SES). Methods: Data were from the prospective multigenerational Dutch Lifelines Cohort Study. At baseline, 9754 children participated, and 5085 (52.1%) with average follow-up of 3.0 (SD = 0.75) years were included in the longitudinal analyses;median ages were 12 (IQR = 10-14) and 14 years (IQR = 12-15), respectively. We computed MetS prevalence according to five published definitions and measured the observed proportion of positive agreement. We used logistic regression to assess the SES-MetS association, adjusted for age and sex. Longitudinal models were also adjusted for baseline MetS. Results: MetS prevalence and positive agreement varied between definitions, from 0.7 to 3.0% and from 0.34 (95% CI: 0.28;0.41) to 0.66 (95% CI: 0.58;0.75) at baseline, respectively. We consistently found a socioeconomic gradient;in the longitudinal analyses, each additional year of parental education reduced the odds of having MetS by 8% (95% CI: 1%;14%) to 19% (95% CI: 7%;30%). Conclusions: Alternative MetS definitions had differing prevalence estimates and agreed on 50% of the average number of cases. Additionally, regardless of the definition, low SES was a risk factor for MetS.

关键词： carbohydrate   crosslinking   nanocarrier   nanogel   starch  

摘要： Nanogels are nanosized three-dimensional polymeric networks that are able to swell in a solvent. They are of great interest due to their high surface area, response to environmental stimuli, and high loading efficiency. In recent years, nanogels prepared from polysaccharides have captured broad attention because of their superior biocompatibility, easy gelation, and functionalization. In particular, starch based nanogels (SBNs) are promising nanomaterials for versatile applications including biomedical, food and pharmaceutical industries. Despite a high number of publications for other polysaccharide nanogels, a limited number of SBNs research articles are available in the literature. This review provides a brief summary of previous studies on the synthesis and applications of SBNs. Their current status is specified briefly covering the last decade. Some studies reveal that starch type, gelation time, and amylose/amylopectin ratio are critical parameters during SBNs synthesis. Numerous starch derivatives and combinations of starch with various polymers can facilitate their synthesis with desired features. Importantly, in vivo biodegradability and biocompatibility investigations are required to extend SBNs usage in the biomedical field including drug and peptide delivery. The overview provided by this review will offer a valuable understanding and insight to help direct the design and uses of SBNs.