关键词： Biomedicine   general   Human Genetics   Laboratory Medicine  

摘要： A Correction to this paper has been published: https://***/10.1038/s41436-021-01131-y

关键词： 中学生物学教育教学   研究调查   中学政治及其他各科教与学  

摘要： 通过对《中学政治及其他各科教与学》2020年度转载的中学生物学教育教学论文进行梳理与归纳,概述了课程建设、生物学学科核心素养、大概念教学、实验教学、深度学习、学习测评、疫情专题等重点研究议题,并对热点问题进行展望。

关键词： epidemiology   histopathology   overdiagnosis   overuse   thyroid cancer  

摘要： Background: Recalibrating diagnostic thresholds or using alternative labels may mitigate overdiagnosis and overtreatment of papillary microcarcinoma (mPTC). We aimed at identifying and collating relevant epidemiological evidence on mPTC, to assess the case for recalibration and/or new labels. Methods: We searchedEMBASEand PubMeddatabases from inception to December 2020 for natural history, autopsy, diagnostic drift, and diagnostic reproducibility studies. Where a relevant systematic review was pre-identified, only new articles were additionally included. Non-English articles were excluded. One author screened titles and abstracts. Two authors screened full text articles, performed quality assessments, and extracted data. We undertook narrative synthesis of included evidence (pooled estimates from systematic reviews and single estimates from primary studies). Results: One systematic review of patients undergoing active surveillance found that after 5 years of follow-up, 5.3% (95% confidence interval [CI 4.4-6.4%]) of the mPTC lesions had increased in size by 3mm, and 1.6% [CI 1.12.4%] of patients had lymph node metastases. Among 7 newprimary studies (including 3 updates on 2 studies included in the systematic review), 1-5% of patients undergoing active surveillance had lymph nodemetastases after amedian follow-up of 1-10 years. One systematic review found that subclinical thyroid cancer incidentally discovered at autopsy is relatively common, with a pooled prevalence of 11.2% [CI 6.7-16.1%] among studies that examined the whole thyroid. Four diagnostic drift studies evaluated the new classification of non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP). Three studies of cases previously diagnosed as papillary thyroid cancer found 1.3-2.3% were reclassified asNIFTP (reclassifications were fromfollicular variation of papillary thyroid cancer [FVPTC]). One study of 48 cases previously diagnosed asmPTCfound that 23.5% were reclassified a

关键词： 商标法   不以使用为目的   适用冲突  

摘要： 《商标法》于2019年进行了第四次修订,其中第四条新增的“不以使用为目的的恶意商标注册申请,应当予以驳回”引起了学界热议。此次修法是为了解决实践中出现的大量以傍名牌为目的的恶意申请和为转让牟利而大量囤积商标的现象,为规制恶意申请注册商标行为提供了切实可行的上位法依据。在以往的法律实践中,有关部门曾利用《商标法》“不正当手段”“在先权利”等条款对类似的恶意申请注册商标行为进行规制,对第四条规定进行修订、新增后,适用相关法条时应明确每一法条都有其独特的适用范围,不应将其混用。

关键词： Modeling to generate alternatives   Uncertainty analysis   Energy system optimization models   Renewable energy   Decarbonization   Self-sufficiency   Transmission   Land-use   Flexibility  

摘要： As the world is transitioning towards highly renewable energy systems, advanced tools are needed to analyze the complex energy networks. Energy system design is, however, challenged by real-world objective functions consisting of a blurry mix of technical and socioeconomic agendas, with limitations that cannot always be clearly stated. As a result, economically suboptimal solutions will likely be preferable. Here, a method capable of determining the continuum containing all economically near optimal solutions is presented, moving the field of energy system modeling from discrete solutions to a new era where continuous solution ranges are available. The proposed method is applied to study a range of technical and socioeconomic metrics on a model of the European electricity system. The near optimal region is found to be relatively flat allowing for solutions that are slightly more expensive than the optimum but better in terms of equality, land use, and implementation time. (c) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://***/licenses/by/4.0/).

关键词： 儿童矮小症   重组人生长激素   联合治疗   临床疗效  

摘要： 目的探讨重组人生长激素(rhGH)联合小剂量甲状腺素、芳香化酶抑制剂、钙类药物等方式治疗儿童矮小症的临床研究效果。方法查阅近年来最新发表的rhGH治疗联合其他方式治疗儿童矮小症的相关文献,并随机回访近5年在医院接受相关治疗患儿150名,记录其生长发育情况以及是否出现不良反应。结果在临床研究过程中,矮小症患儿在医师指导下通过使用rhGH联合其他方式治疗之后骨骼成长速度得以提升,肌细胞数量总体变多且肌细胞体积得以增大,心肌收缩能力增强,人体内蛋白质的合成变多,储氮量加大,营养物质的转换速率明显提升,免疫能力得以增强,且联合用药可有效规避不良反应的发生,缩短治疗疗程,有效提高治疗效率。结论rhGH联合其他方式治疗儿童矮小症患儿可有效促进患儿身高增长,同时减少不良反应的发生,具有一定的临床推广应用价值。

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关键词： 科技创新   政策比较   建议  

摘要： 文章对比梳理了衡阳、长沙、沈阳和德阳四个城市的科技创新政策,分析了衡阳与长沙、沈阳、德阳在科技创新政策方面的差距,从加强政策对标、完善市区两级科技政策体系、充分发挥工信部门引导作用和营造良好创新创业环境等4个方面对进一步完善衡阳科技创新政策体系提出了若干建议。

摘要： Purpose/Objective(s) We previously reported on dissatisfaction with conventional cancer treatment as a primary theme among online crowdfunding campaigns created for individuals seeking alternative cancer treatments. Here, we determine the impact of specific conventional cancer treatments, as well as cancer stage and cancer type, on dissatisfaction leading to the selection of alternative cancer treatments. Materials/Methods A cross-sectional mixed methods analysis of 778 online campaigns for people seeking financial assistance for alternative cancer treatments through GoFundMe between 2011 and 2019 were evaluated. Clinical and treatment data were extracted from the campaign descriptions. Motivational themes were identified using a rigorous process of thematic analysis. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify significant associations between cancer type, cancer stage, and prior conventional cancer treatments including surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormone and immunotherapy and dissatisfaction, defined by concerns that conventional treatment was ineffective, too expensive, or associated with intolerable side effects. Results Of the 778 campaigns analyzed, 68.3% (531) campaigns contained themes of dissatisfaction. Of those 531, 41.8% (222) reported having had surgery, 49.5% (263) reported having had chemotherapy, 28.6% (152) radiotherapy, 3.0% (16) hormone therapy, and 2.6% (14) immunotherapy. Significant independent predictors of dissatisfaction were prior use of chemotherapy (Odds Ratio [OR]: 1.93, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]:1.34-2.83) and having Stage IV cancer (OR: 2.29, 95% CI:1.65-3.20). No other therapies or cancer types were significantly associated with dissatisfaction. Conclusion Prior use of radiation therapy, surgery, hormone therapy, and immunotherapy were not independent predictors of dissatisfaction, nor were the individuals’ cancer types; however, chemotherapy was an independent predictor of dissatisfaction when controlling fo

关键词： 城市森林   地表臭氧污染   CO_(2)升高   氮沉降   干旱   复合胁迫  

摘要： 地表臭氧污染(O_(3))和气候变化加剧成为当今威胁城市森林可持续发展的关键环境要素.目前对于O_(3)单一因子对城市树木的影响研究已很难用于准确评估自然城市环境条件下由多种环境因子交互作用而产生的复杂生态效应.本文综述了O_(3)与二氧化碳(CO_(2))、干旱、氮(N)沉降和升温的两两交互以及三因子交互作用对中国城市树木生理生化和生长的影响,探讨了O_(3)与其他环境因子对树木的交互作用机制过程.CO_(2)升高在光合代谢、抗氧化系统以及生长发育等方面能一定程度缓解O_(3)升高对树木的负效应.O_(3)和干旱的交互影响存在复杂的作用过程,可能协同加重植物损伤,也可能拮抗减轻植物伤害,或者无交互效应.O_(3)和N沉降对树木无交互效应.增温和O_(3)对树木存在显著的交互作用,增温减缓了O_(3)对树木生长和光合作用的不利影响.最后,还提出了未来研究的发展方向,为我国应对未来气候变化和空气污染下的城市森林管理及可持续发展提供科学指导.