关键词： Ascaridia   Heterakis   Capillaria   Cestodes   Chicken   Methods  

摘要： The prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths was investigated in sixty-six commercial non-caged layer flocks. Twenty-nine flocks were housed indoors in aviaries or floor systems, nineteen flocks were kept in conventional free-range systems with outdoor access, and eighteen flocks in organic free-range systems. Flocks were investigated at end of rearing (mean age 17 weeks), peak of egg production (mean age 38 weeks) and before slaughter (mean age 74 weeks). Four different methods were applied to determine worm infestation. During necropsies, worm infestations were recorded and mucosal scrapings were evaluated for the presence of worm eggs. Faecal samples from each flock were investigated by simple flotation method and McMaster counting technique. No gastrointestinal helminths were found in pullets. During production, 87.9 % of the layer flocks were infected with at least one nematode species at the peak of production. The prevalence further increased significantly up to 98.5 % at the end of production (p=0.05). This increase could be ascribed mainly to infections with Ascaridia (A.) galli and/or Heterakis (H.) gallinarum which were most prevalent in all husbandry systems. Furthermore, their prevalence increased significantly with the age of birds (p=0.023;p < 0.001). With regard to the husbandry system, the prevalence of Capillaria spp. was significantly higher in flocks from outdoor systems compared to flocks that were kept indoors. Cestodes were only detected at the end of production with a prevalence of 15.2 % and significantly more flocks with access to outdoor run were found positive. Interestingly, H. gallinarum was found with a high prevalence indoor and in outdoor systems. Anthelminthic treatment did not impact the prevalence of nematode infections. Comparing four different methods for the detection of helminths it was revealed that their efficiencies varied depending on the worm species. Overall, the simple flotation method was superior to detect A. galli an

关键词： COVID-19   Impact assessment   Paris agreement   Carbon pricing   CGE model   India  

摘要： In this paper the Covid-19 pandemic has been analysed from sustainability and climate change perspectives with the help of a recursive dynamic CGE model for India. The Covid-19 could have major long term impacts on GDP, household income, inequality, CO2 emissions, and carbon prices. Significant slowdown in labour intensive informal sectors such as construction and services, as well as in energy intensive and capital goods sectors, leads to adverse impacts on household income and inequality. Our analysis further suggests that climate policy consistent with the Paris Agreement target can complement the economic recovery process. Specifically, recycling of carbon tax revenues to investments could stimulate growth and employment, reduce inequality, and reduce carbon emissions, compared to a scenario without climate policy. Therefore, the need of the hour is to formulate and implement climate friendly recovery strategies.

关键词： Self-reacting friction stir welding   Wear theory   Shear layer   Boundary condition   CFD model  

摘要： A pressure-dependent velocity boundary condition is developed based on wear theory for modeling self-reacting friction stir welding using computational fluid dynamics approach, which provides a new perspective in understanding the physics of sliding/sticking transition condition. The importance of shear layer in weld formation is emphasized. Effects of welding speed on the weld cross-section geometry can be robustly captured with this newly developed boundary condition. Computational results show that at higher welding speed, the TMAZ boundary moves towards the pin periphery at the advancing side, which corresponds to the experimental observations. This tendency could serve as a numerical criterion to predict void defect formation.

关键词： BECCS   bioenergy crops   CCS   district heating   LCA   radiative forcing   temporal GHG emissions  

摘要： District heating (DH) systems can improve energy efficiency, reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and be a cost-effective residential space heating alternative over conventional decentralized heating. This study uses radiative forcing (RF), a time-sensitive life cycle assessment metric, to evaluate space heating alternatives. We compare forest residue and willow biomass resources and natural gas as fuel sources against decentralized heating using heating oil. The comparison is performed for selected locations in the Northeastern United States over a 30-year production timeline and 100 observation years. The natural gas and willow scenarios are compared with scenarios where available forest residue is unused and adds a penalty of GHG emissions due to microbial decay. When forest residues are available, their use is recommended before considering willow production. Investment in bioenergy-based DH with carbon capture and storage and natural-gas-based DH with carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology is considered to assess their influence on RF. Its implementation further improves the net carbon mitigation potential of DH despite the carbon and energy cost of CCS infrastructure. Soil carbon sequestration from willow production reduces RF overall, specifically when grown on land converted from cropland to pasture, hay, and grassland. The study places initial GHG emissions spikes from infrastructure and land-use change into a temporal framework and shows a payback within the first 5 years of operation for DH with forest residues and willow.

关键词： Blind   Reading disability   Alternative multimedia materials   Visual expressions in mathematics   Braille-graphics translation  

摘要： The purpose of this study is to analyze the performance of the braille translation program on formulas, graphs, and tables of middle school mathematics. To do so, the forms of expression and the degrees and accuracy in the EBS braille math workbooks and in the braille conversion of EBS general math workbooks by using braille translation software were analyzed. As a result, there were omissions of 4 decorative visual data in the linear equations, 6 required and decorative visual data in the direct proportions, and 7 required and decorative visual data in the number of diagonals of the polygons in the EBS braille workbook files. There were 2 marked omissions of graphs in the direct proportions and graphs, and 3 unmarked omissions of pictures in the diagonals of the polygons, in the EBS braille math workbook files. There were 2 inadequate full translation of formulas in the solving linear equations, 2 unmarked omissions of graphs in the direct proportions and graphs, and in the diagonal of the polygons, there were 5 unmarked omissions of formulas and 3 unmarked omissions of formulas, translated from the EBS general math workbooks. The study showed braille errors in EBS braille math workbooks and braille translation errors by the braille translation program in math formulas, pictures, and graphs of EBS general math workbooks. The study presented specific braille translation errors occurred and the reasons as to math formulas, pictures, and graphs. The limitation of the study was that the proper types and ways of braille-translation of visual materials in math were not addressed. Braille translation programs used in Korea should be all comparatively analyzed and an improvement solution should be designed with the participation of blind users and braille translators in the future study.

关键词： alkaline   salt   enzyme-assisted extraction   SDS-PAGE   sesame seed meal   TD-NMR relaxometry  

摘要： Sesame seed is mostly utilised for its oil but also the waste of the oil processing;the seed meal has also significant potential to be used as an alternative protein source. In this study, the goal is to produce sesame seed protein by using three different techniques;alkaline, salt and enzyme-assisted extraction. A comprehensive physicochemical characterisation of the extracts was performed. Total and soluble protein contents, emulsification activity & emulsion stability, FTIR spectroscopy, hydration behaviour and gelling ability experiments by TD-NMR were conducted for all extracted proteins. Also, SDS-PAGE experiments were performed to observe the effect of extraction conditions on protein folding. Overall, the aqueous phase of enzyme-assisted extracted proteins (E-ACP) had the highest protein content and solubility, which resulted in other improved physicochemical properties. Salt extracted samples were 'salted-out', therefore, had poor physicochemical properties. TD-NMR experiments further confirmed the solubility and gelling ability results by measuring the change in the T-2 spin relaxation times. Additionally, FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the most critical peaks for the proteins;Amide I (C=O stretching) and Amide II (N-H bending). In summary, depending on the physicochemical property of interest, different extraction methods yielded proteins with different properties.

关键词： alternative polyadenylation   alternative splicing   apoptosis   T cell activation  

摘要： The latest advances in next-generation sequencing studies and transcriptomic profiling over the past decade have highlighted a surprising frequency of genes regulated by RNA processing mechanisms in the immune system. In particular, two control steps in mRNA maturation, namely alternative splicing and alternative polyadenylation, are now recognized to occur in the vast majority of human genes. Both have the potential to alter the identity of the encoded protein, as well as control protein abundance or even protein localization or association with other factors. In this review, we will provide a summary of the general mechanisms by which alternative splicing (AS) and alternative polyadenylation (APA) occur, their regulation within cells of the immune system, and their impact on immunobiology. In particular, we will focus on how control of apoptosis by AS and APA is used to tune cell fate during an immune response.

关键词： complementary and alternative medicine   decision‐   making   immunisation   information‐   seeking   vaccination  

摘要： While immunisation rates were 94.63% for the whole Nepean Blue Mountains region of New South Wales in 2017, coverage for 1 year olds in the upper Blue Mountains was under 80%. There is a known relationship between vaccine-hesitant parents and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use;however, little is known about how CAM practitioners fit within the information-seeking pathway of parents. This exploratory study sought to address this knowledge gap. Qualitative semi-structured interviews with vaccine-hesitant and vaccine rejecting parents and CAM practitioners purposively sampled from the Blue Mountains area revealed three sets of themes: 1) Parents' search for further information about immunisation;2) Parents' use of CAM practitioners as an immunisation information source;and 3) CAM practitioners' engagement with parents about immunisation. CAM practitioners form a definite, if complex, part of vaccine-hesitant and vaccine-rejecting parents decision-making pathway in the Blue Mountains area. The notion of patient choice is crucial to vaccine discussions. Development of support materials, such as decision resources which give impartial and detailed information while acknowledging and supporting patient choice, are needed to support both CAM practitioners and parents in making informed vaccination decisions.

关键词： Alternative electron flows   Gymnosperms   Photoprotection   Photosynthesis   Photosystem I   Fluctuating light  

摘要： Ginkgo biloba L., the only surviving species of Ginkgoopsida, is a famous relict gymnosperm, it may provide new insight into the evolution of photosynthetic mechanisms. Flavodiiron proteins (FDPs) are conserved in nonflowering plants, but the role of FDPs in gymnosperms has not yet been clarified. In particular, how gymnosperms integrate FDPs and cyclic electron transport (CET) to better adapt to excess light is poorly understood. To elucidate these questions, we measured the P700 signal, chlorophyll fluorescence and electrochromic shift signal under fluctuating and constant light in G. biloba. Within the first seconds after light increased, G. biloba could not build up a sufficient proton gradient (ApH). Concomitantly, photo-reduction of O2 mediated by FDPs contributed to the rapid oxidation of P700 and protected PSI under fluctuating light. Therefore, in G. biloba, FDPs mainly protect PSI under fluctuating light at acceptor side. Under constant high light, the oxidation of PSI and the induction of non-photochemical quenching were attributed to the increase in ApH formation, which was mainly caused by the increase in CET rather than linear electron transport. Therefore, under constant light, CET finely regulates the PSI redox state and non-photochemical quenching through ApH formation, protecting PSI and PSII against excess light. We conclude that, in G. biloba, FDPs are particularly important under fluctuating light while CET is essential under constant high light. The coordination of FDPs and CET fine-tune photosynthetic apparatus under excess light.

关键词： Fuel cell   Proton exchange membrane   SPEEK  

摘要： A proton exchange membrane (PEM) is a crucial component in a fuel cell application as a proton carrier and separator for the anode and cathode. Sulfonated poly(ether ketone ether) (SPEEK) has been recognized as one of the promising alternatives PEM in fuel cell application due to the advantagious properties of SPEEK, including the high thermal stability, proton conductivity, mechanical strength, low fuel crossover, and easy to operate. The proton conductivity properties of SPEEK are influenced by the degree of sulfonation (DS). In practical, high DS of SPEEK-based membrane will produce high proton conductivity and a high density of sulfonic acid functional groups grafted into the polymer backbone. However, the excessive production of DS will have side effects on the stability of membrane dimensional and chemical properties. Meanwhile, the low DS of SPEEK has reduced the ability to diffuse the proton within the polymeric matrix. Therefore, getting the optimal DS SPEEK is very important to fabricate the alternative of PEM. But this process is hard. Thus, the researchers have modified the SPEEK membrane with various types of nanoparticles as a filler. This is one of the promising efforts to improve the SPEEK membrane properties and fuel cell application performance. This review aimed to discuss eight conductive materials such as silica, clay, metal oxide, heteropolyacids, carbon, graphene, metal organic framework, and zeolite used as fillers to develop the PEM component based on SPEEK for fuel cell applications. This review also comprehensively discusses the characterization of SPEEK-based membrane modification, including mechanical properties, water intake, proton conductivity, thermal properties, fuel permeability, crystal and structural analysis, chemical oxidation stability, and single-cell performance. Thus, this article can serve as a reference for researchers to planning the best strategies to optimize the properties and performance of the SPEEK-based membrane f