关键词： Diabetes   Type 2 diabetes mellitus   Complementary and alternative medicine   Systematic review   AGREE II   Clinical practice guideline  

摘要： Aims: Approximately 70% of Americans with diabetes have used complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in the past year. Healthcare providers often receive minimal training on these therapies and subsequently rely on clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) to supplement their knowledge about the safe and effective use of CAM for the treatment/management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The purpose of this systematic review is to determine the quantity and assess the quality of CAM recommendations in CPGs for the treatment and/or management of T2DM. Data synthesis: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL were systematically searched from 2009 to 2020, in addition to the Guidelines International Network and the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health websites. CPGs containing treatment and/or management recommendations for T2DM were eligible;those with CAM recommendations were quality-assessed with the AGREE II instrument twice, once for the overall CPG and once for the CAM sections. Twentyseven CPGs were deemed eligible, of which 7 made CAM recommendations. Mean scaled domain percentages were (overall, CAM): scope and purpose (89.7%, 79.8%), clarity of presentation (85.7%, 4 8.4%), stakeholder involvement (67.9%, 28.2%), applicability (54.8%, 20.2%), rigour of development (49.7%, 35.7%), and editorial independence (44.1%, 44.1%). Conclusions: Quality varied within and across CPGs;domain scores across CAM sections generally scored lower than the overall CPG. Given that CAM therapies for T2DM are only represented in one-quarter of eligible CPGs and are of lower quality, a knowledge gap exists for healthcare providers who seek evidence-based information on this topic in order to effectively counsel inquiring patients. (c) 2021 The Italian Diabetes Society, the Italian Society for the Study of Atherosclerosis, the Italian Society of Human Nutrition and the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights re

关键词： ammonia   energy   exergy   hydrogen   methane   solar energy  

摘要： This paper proposes the design of a new solar power-based multigeneration system for generating hydrogen, ammonia, methane, and other beneficial outputs. This combined plant consists of the solar plant, Rankine cycle, organic Rankine cycle, single-effect absorption with ejector, carbon dioxide capture, hydrogen, ammonia, methane, drying, hot, and freshwater generation plants. The overall plant is investigated utilizing the Engineering Equation Solver software. The energy and exergy efficiencies of the integrated plant are computed as 0.6689 and 0.6227. In addition, the largest exergy destructions in the system are 6924 and 4037 kW, which occur at the Rankine cycle and solar power cycle, respectively. Moreover, the thermodynamic performance of the combined plant is investigated through parametric works and the impacts of plant working conditions on the plant efficiencies are evaluated.

摘要： Humans reason not only about actual events (what is), but also about possible events (what could be). Many key operations of human cognition involve the representation of possibilities, including moral judgment, future planning, and causal understanding1 . But little is known about the evolutionary roots of this kind of thought. Humans’ closest relatives, chimpanzees, possess several cognitive abilities that are closely related to reasoning about alternatives: they plan for the future2 , evaluate other’s actions3 , and reason causally4 . However, in the first direct test of the ability to consider alternatives, Redshaw and Suddendorf5 claim that chimpanzees are not able to represent alternative possibilities. Here, using a novel method, we challenge this conclusion: our results suggest that, like human cognition, chimpanzee thought is not limited to what is, but also involves reasoning about what could be the case.

关键词： Core-shell composites   Chromatographic separation   Ligand-mediated   MOFs-grafted   Mixed-mode stationary phase  

摘要： The preparation of the metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)@silica core-shell microspheres as the stationary phases mainly relied on the method of electrostatic interaction between the metal ions of MOFs and the silanol groups. Herein, the ligands of MOFs were preferentially modified to the surface of silica as connection points and seed crystals to connect or form the MOFs. In this way, the evenness of the MOFs particles on the silica surface was effectively improved, and the prepared composites possessed excellent reproducibility and stability, including acid-base stability. The relative standard deviation of the retention time for repeatability ranged from 0.1% to 0.26% and for stability retention time from 0.3% to 0.6%. Compared with commercial columns, the prepared stationary phase showed enhanced separation selectivity for separation of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds containing alkaloids, nucleosides, antibiotics and alkylbenzenes, etc. The obtained column was used as a matrix for fast separation and analysis of antibiotics in actual samples. In short, the composites showed superior reproducibility, stability and satisfactory separation performance towards a variety of compounds in the studied conditions. It also provided another way to improve the evenness of MOFs particles on the surface of silica and enhance the stability of them under polar conditions. (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

摘要： Since 2001, Afghanistan has invested two decades and billions of US dollars into reconstructing its health system and bringing the coverage of health service from a meagre 12% to 90% of the population.1 The scope of health services has been defined by the Basic Package of Health Services2 and the Essential Package of Hospital Services,3 the provision of which is highly dependent on donors. The World Bank's decision to pause its funding will result in the closure of 2331 health facilities and unemployment of 25 000 health professionals, including 7500 women.4 With the sudden halt of health services, one of the basic human rights, one of the poorest nations on the planet has been exposed to extreme vulnerability. To effectively manage health services delivery, the national health management information systems (eg, responsible for collecting routine health data) and the independent third-party monitor (eg, responsible for verification of the health data, preparing balanced scorecards, and undertaking health surveys to measure performance of contracted non-governmental organisations and progress in the health sector) should continue their functions and report to the newly established project management unit.

关键词： Alternative staples   Barriers   Drivers   Food choice   Systematic literature review  

摘要： Purpose Major cereal staples such as wheat, white rice and corn have a significant negative impact on the environment, a low nutritional profile and are associated with obesity. In comparison, alternative staples (such as rye, quinoa, buckwheat, etc.) are more environmentally sustainable and nutritious, yet are underused. There has been a recent surge in research into and awareness of alternative staples, but the current understanding of the different drivers of and barriers to their consumption remains fragmented. Design/methodology/approach The present study attempts to assimilate and incorporate the current knowledge on the drivers of and barriers to the consumption of alternative staples. Eighty-one empirical studies were curated and analysed according to stringent protocols in order to examine the existing research profile and themes arising from prior research in this domain. Findings The study presents a profile of the extensive existing literature examining the drivers of and barriers to the consumption of alternative staples. The thematic analysis of selected studies resulted in the identification of six drivers and seven barriers. The drivers are an awareness of health;awareness of environmental factors;recommendations;awareness of the brand, labels and source of origin;household structure and demographic attributes. The barriers are difficulty in preparation, lack of familiarity, lack of availability, lack of affordability, culture, product attributes and sensory attributes. The various research gaps and avenues for future research associated with the drivers and barriers identified are also presented. Originality/value The key outcomes of the study are the presentation of the research profile, the identification of various drivers and barriers, the recognition of gaps in the research and avenues for future research and, finally, the development of a theoretical framework entitled "Behavioral reasoning towards the consumption of alternative staples (BRCAS

关键词： Oxides   Lipids   Contact angle   Nanoparticles   Metal oxide nanoparticles  

摘要： The use of nanoparticles is a known solution for challenges related to enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods, and nanoparticles have good potential for changing effective mechanisms, such as wettability alteration and interfacial tension (IFT) reduction. On the basis of our last research, it was observed that using associated gas in a water alternative gas (WAG) method has a high recovery potential in comparison to other gases, such as CO2 and N-2, in carbonate reservoirs. In this study, zeolite-zirconia-cerium oxide nanocomposites (NCs) with an average size of 29.15 nm have been synthesized by the sol-gel method for improving water alternative associated gas tests. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), IFT, contact angle, WAG, and nano-assisted WAG tests were designed in the presence of NCs. The XRD and EDX patterns confirmed the formation of CeO2 and ZrO2 nanoparticles over the formed zeolite framework. SEM images show that the zirconia-cerium particles are uniformly distributed at the surface of zeolite. Moreover, BET analysis shows that the specific surface area of the NCs is 331.67 m(2)/g as a result of introducing ZrO2 and CeO2. The IFT and contact angle values of nanofluids prepared with concentrations of 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150 ppm of the NCs were determined as 22 mN/m and 116 degrees, 19.50 mN/m and 86 degrees, 17.30 mN/m and 70 degrees, 12.50 mN/m and 42 degrees, 8.60 mN/m and 36 degrees, and 6.80 mN/m and 38 degrees, respectively. On the basis of these values and zeta potential, viscosity, pH, and density tests in the presence of NCs, 100 ppm was selected as an optimum concentration for improving WAG tests. It was observed that considering the above factors was efficient and the recovery factor during performing NC-assisted WAG test was increased from 42.5 to 72% at a constant WAG ratio and temperature of 1:1 and 40 degrees C, respectively. Moreover, more instant oil a

关键词： InGaN   quantum dots   nanostructure   STEM   cathodoluminescence   defects   atomic-scale  

摘要： Realization of fully solid-state white light emitting devices requires high efficiency blue, green, and red emitters. However, challenges remain in boosting the low quantum efficiency of long wavelength group-III-nitride light emitters through conventional quantum well growth. Here, we demonstrate a new direct metal-organic chemical vapor deposition approach to grow In-rich InGaN quantum dots on Si substrates using V-pits, bypassing the need for patterning or unconventional substrates. A correlative nanoscale study on the optical, compositional, and structural properties of intersecting V-pits reveals that the highly textured surface gives rise to localized high intensity red-shifted emission from the apexes of pyramids where InGaN quantum dots spontaneously form. We establish the origin of this efficient long wavelength luminescence to result from both spatially confined higher In-content deposition, as well as smaller bandgap energy basal stacking faults entrapped within a ring of low-emissivity prismatic stacking faults. Our monolithic growth approach on Si would open up new pathways toward attaining CMOS-compatible phosphor-free white light emitting solid-state devices.

关键词： Carbon dioxide  

摘要： An unprecedented strategy has been developed involving the earth-abundant Cu-catalyzed hydrocarboxylation of alkynes with HCOOH to (E)-acrylic derivatives with high regio- and stereoselectivity via synergistic effects with ppm levels of a Pd catalyst. Both symmetrical and unsymmetrical alkynes bearing various functional groups were successfully hydrocarboxylated with HCOOH, and the modification of a pharmaceutical molecule exemplified the practicability of this process. This protocol employs HCOOH as both a CO surrogate and hydrogen donor with 100% atom economy and it can be viewed as an alternative approach for indirect CO2 utilization. Mechanistic investigations indicate a Cu/ppm Pd cooperative catalysis mechanism via alkenylcopper species as potential intermediates formed from Cu-hydride active catalytic species with HCOOH as a hydrogen source. This bimetallic system involving inexpensive Cu and trace Pd provides a reliable and efficient hydrocarboxylation method to access industrially useful acrylic derivatives with HCOOH as a hydrogen source, and it provides novel clues for optimizing other Cu-H-related co-catalytic systems.

关键词： Industrial research  

摘要： Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS) is a key technology for the production of pharmaceutical grade peptides, although it represents the worst modality in the pharma segment when considering its Process Mass Intensity (PMI). Consequently, academic and industrial research teams have focused their attention on greening SPPS protocols by introducing more sustainable alternatives to the most common reagents and solvents. In this context, 3-(diethylamino)propylamine (DEAPA) was identified to be a viable alternative to piperidine for Fmoc removal. In addition, the use of DEAPA in N-octyl-pyrrolidone (manual synthesis) or N-octyl pyrrolidone/dimethyl carbonate 8/2 v/v (automated synthesis) was proved to be able to minimize the formation of side products like diastereoisomers and aspartimide-containing derivatives.