关键词： Photosafety   Fragrance   Photoirritation   Dermal toxicity   Safety   Risk assessment  

摘要： The safety assessment of fragrance materials for photoirritation utilized by The Research Institute for Fragrance Materials has recently been modified and is described in detail. Materials demonstrating significant absorbance in the ultraviolet and visible light (UV/VIS) range (290-700 nm) may present a concern for photoirritation and require further investigation. If there are no photoirritation data or data are insufficient, then data on read-across materials are considered before a tiered approach for testing begins. The hazard-based 3T3-Neutral Red Uptake (NRU) Phototoxicity Test (OECD TG 432) is used as a first-tier assay;if it predicts photoirritation, it is followed by the reconstructed human epidermis (RhE) phototoxicity assay (OECD TG 498). The RhE phototoxicity assay is used to determine a No Observed Effect Level (NOEL) for photoirritation that is used in a confirmatory human photoirritation test. Data are presented on 108 fragrance materials exhibiting significant UV/VIS absorbance and evaluated in the 3T3-NRU Phototoxicity Assay. Twenty-one materials were predicted to be phototoxic;twenty were evaluated in the RhE Phototoxicity Assay to establish a NOEL. Fourteen materials were then evaluated in a confirmatory human phototoxicity test. The tiered testing approach presented represents a scientifically pragmatic method to minimize the likelihood of photoirritation from fragrance materials.

关键词： Deferoxamine   ferroptosis   myocardial dysfunction   post-resuscitation   treatment   UAMC-3203  

摘要： Blocking ferroptosis reduces ischemia-reperfusion injury in some pathological contexts. However, there is no evidence that ferroptosis contributes to post-resuscitation myocardial dysfunction (PRMD). Here, we evaluated the therapeutic performance of ferroptosis inhibitors (UAMC-3203 or/and Deferoxamine) on the PRMD in a rat model of cardiac arrest and surveyed the changes of essential ferroptosis markers in the myocardium. Remarkably, all treatments reduce the severity of cardiac dysfunction and microcirculation hypoperfusion after resuscitation compared with control. Consistently, we observe that the ferroptosis marker Glutathione peroxidase 4, 4-hydroxynonenal and non-heme iron altered (1 +/- 0.060 vs. 0.021 +/- 0.016, 1 +/- 0.145 vs. 3.338 +/- 0.221, 52.010 +/- 3.587 ug/g vs. 70.500 +/- 3.158 ug/g, all P < 0.05) in the myocardium after resuscitation. These changes were significantly suppressed by UAMC-3203 [(0.187 +/- 0.043, 2.848 +/- 0.169, all P < 0.05), (72.43 +/- 4.920 ug/g, P > 0.05)], or Deferoxamine (0.203 +/- 0.025, 2.683 +/- 0.273, 55.95 +/- 2.497 ug/g, all P < 0.05). Briefly, UAMC-3203 or/and Deferoxamine improve post-resuscitation myocardial dysfunction and provide evidence of ferroptosis involvement, suggesting that ferroptosis inhibitors could potentially provide an innovative therapeutic approach for mitigating the myocardial damage caused by cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

关键词： Acute coronary syndrome   cardiogenic shock   elderly   tertiary care  

摘要： Introduction: Despite advances in treatment of patients with cardiogenic shock following acute myocardial infarction (AMICS) in-hospital mortality remains around 50%. Outcome varies among patient subsets and the elderly often have a poor a priori prognosis. We sought to investigate outcome among elderly AMICS patients referred to evaluation and treatment at a tertiary university hospital. Methods: Current analysis was based on the RETROSHOCK registry comprising consecutive AMICS patients admitted to tertiary care. Patients in the registry were individually identified and validated. Results: Of 1,716 admitted patients, 496 (28.9%) patients were >= 75 years old. Older patients were less likely to be admitted directly to a tertiary centre (59.4% vs. 69.9%, P = 0.003), receive mechanical support devices (i.e., Impella (R) (8.9% vs. 15.0%, P = 0.003), and undergo revascularization attempt (76.8% vs. 90.2%, P < 0.001). Thirty-day survivors >= 75 years were characterized by having higher left ventricular ejection fraction (30.2% +/- 12.5% vs. 26.5% +/- 11.8%, P = 0.004) and lower arterial lactate (3.2[2.2-5.2] mmol/L vs. 5.5[3.3-8.2] mmol/L, P < 0.001) at admission. In a multivariable analysis of patients >= 75 years, higher age (HR 1.09, 95% CI 1.05-1.14, P < 0.001), higher heart rate (HR 1.01, 95% CI 1.001-1.014, P = 0.03), and higher lactate (HR 1.11, 95% CI 1.07-1.16, P < 0.001) at admission were associated with an increased risk of 30-day mortality. Conclusion: Among patients >= 75 years with AMICS referred for tertiary specialized treatment, 30-day mortality was 73.4%. Survivors were characterized by lower arterial lactate and heart rate at admission.

关键词： Bacillus   Bacteriocin   Food bio-preservative   Protective culture   Production  

摘要： Live microorganisms with generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status and antagonistic effect against undesired microbes have been extensively applied in different types of food as protective culture. Bacillus could be a promising bio-preservative, due to its ability to efficiently grow in low cost, large-scale fermentation, and to produce pH tolerant bacteriocins which exert broader antimicrobial spectra than those of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Many research groups have therefore conducted a systematic investigation in all aspects of Bacillus including bacteriocin properties and production. This review presents intensive information of bio-preservative and available commercial bio-protective culture of the Bacillus in comparison with LAB, including (i) bacteriocin classification and properties, (ii) the use of Bacillus as an alternative bio-preservative, (iii) approaches in production of bio-protective culture from Bacillus, and (iv) safety evaluation for a novel bio-protective culture. The results from those studies helped exploring a potential of Bacillus in production and utilization as protective culture.

关键词： Antioxidant   Antitumor agent   Resveratrol   Quercetin  

摘要： Herein we present the synthesis, structure and NMR and mass spectroscopic analyses of the antioxidant 2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydroquinolin-4(1H)-one (1), a member of the 2-aryl-2,3-dihydroquinolin-4(1H)-one family of molecules that have been shown to display a range of potent biological properties. The title molecule, prepared by an alternative methodology to that recently reported, crystallizes in the centrosymmetric space group P2(1)/c with unit cell dimensions a = 11.775(17) angstrom, b = 5.3592(8) angstrom, c = 22.462(3) angstrom and beta = 96.576(11)degrees. Close analysis of the solid state structure reveals an array of weak N-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bonding as well as C-H center dot center dot center dot O, and C-H center dot center dot center dot pi interactions between the neighboring molecules. The presence of 1 was also confirmed via NMR and mass spectroscopic analyses. Herein we present the solid state structure and results of mass spectroscopic and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses of the powerful antitumor compound 2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydroquinolin-4(1H)-one prepared by an alternative synthetic avenue. [GRAPHICS]

关键词： DMFCs   Methanol Electrooxidation   Pt-Sn   Pt-Ru   Graphene  

摘要： Monometallic and bimetallic Pt-based electrocatalysts were synthesized via a wet impregnation method using graphene (Gr) as the support and characterized by spectroscopic, imaging, and electrochemical means. The performance of a Pt/Gr catalyst was compared with that of PtRu/Gr and PtSn/Gr catalysts for the electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol. Although Pt monometallic catalysts exhibit sufficient electrocatalytic activity during methanol oxidation, degradation problems associated with surface poisoning processes by reaction side products limit their perspective for commercial use. Alloying Pt with other metals appears to be an effective method for producing highly active electrocatalysts for the same reaction. Physicochemical characterization reveals the incorporation of Sn atoms into the Pt lattice. We provide an in-depth investigation of graphene-based catalysts during the oxidation reaction of methanol, which is a promising fuel for direct alcohol fuel cells. In conjunction with the literature, our results demonstrate that the interaction between metal particles and carbon support is of paramount importance for electrode stability and catalytic performance. Critically, the electrocatalytic activity dependeds on the details of the electrode surface structure and electronic interaction - charge transfer between metal nanoparticles and graphene. It is also proposed that high specific surface area graphene support can facilitate methanol diffusion to the catalyst active sites leading to high electrochemical activity. This work also demonstrates that a low-cost metal, like Sn, can effectively replace Ru to prepare bimetallic Pt-based electrocatalysts for methanol oxidation. The electrocatalytic activity of the Pt-Sn catalyst was found to be similar to that of the Pt-Ru one.

关键词： Bark   Quercus cerris   Betula pendula   Beaucarnea recurvata   Multi-peak fitting  

摘要： Pyrolysis is a useful technique in the characterization of the thermal behavior, kinetics and chemical composition of new materials. Alternative cork feedstocks are obtained from tree species possessing cork-enriched outer barks that are currently unused and could be used in thermal applications such as pyrolysis or gasification. An understanding of their thermal reactions is required, and this study is set to explore the pyrolysis behavior of alternative cork feedstocks from Quercus cerris, Beaucarnea recurvata and Betula pendula. Thermogravimetric analyses were carried out, and kinetics of the pyrolysis reaction were evaluated with isoconversional Vyazovkin method. The application of pyrolysis for estimation of the chemical composition of the corks of these species was also evaluated using Lorentzian multi-peak fitting. Wet chemical and FT-IR analyses were performed to determine the chemical composition of the corks and to compare the Lorentzian multi-peak fitting estimations. The results show that corks from different species have different pyrolytic degradation patterns. Pyrolysis of cork takes place in three major steps and two complementary steps. Lignin as well as suberin contents determine the thermal reactivity of cork. Desuberinised cork shows higher heat resistance at high temperatures than raw cork. Activation energy of cork varies between different species. Lorentzian multi-peak fitting could be used to estimate the chemical composition of cork as an alternative method to wet-chemical methods.

关键词： Cardiogenic shock   CICU   doppler   echocardiography   hemodynamics   mortality   shock   stroke volume  

摘要： Background: Prior studies have shown worse outcomes in patients with cardiogenic shock (CS) who have reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), but the association between other transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) findings and mortality in CS patients remains uncertain. We hypothesized that Doppler TTE measurements would outperform LVEF for risk stratification. Methods: Retrospective analysis of cardiac intensive care unit patients with an admission diagnosis of CS and a TTE within 1 day of admission. Hospital survivors and inpatient deaths were compared, and multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the associations between TTE variables and hospital mortality. Results: We included 1,085 patients, with a median age of 69.5 (59.6, 77.5) years;37% were females and 62% had an acute coronary syndrome. Most patients (66%) had moderate or severe left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction, and 48% had moderate or severe right ventricular (RV) systolic dysfunction. Hospital mortality occurred in 31%, and inpatient deaths had a lower median LVEF (29% vs. 35%, P < 0.001). Patients with mild or no LV or RV dysfunction were at lower risk of adjusted hospital mortality (P < 0.01). The LV outflow tract (LVOT) velocity-time integral (VTI) was the single best predictor of hospital mortality. After multivariable adjustment, both the LVEF and LVOT VTI remained strongly associated with hospital mortality (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Early comprehensive Doppler TTE can provide important prognostic insights in CS patients, highlighting its potential utility in clinical practice. The LVOT VTI, reflecting forward flow, is an important measurement to obtain on bedside TTE.

关键词： rodenticide   control   Mus musculus domesticus   bait substrate   food preference   zinc phosphide  

摘要： BACKGROUND: House mice (Mus musculus) cause significant, ongoing losses to grain crops in Australia, particularly during mouse plagues. Zinc phosphide (ZnP) coated grain is used for control, but with variable success. In a laboratory setting, we tested if mice would (i) switch from consumption of one grain type to another when presented with an alternative and (ii) consume ZnP-treated grains when presented as a choice with a different grain. RESULTS: Mice readily switched from their background grain to an alternative grain, preferring cereals (wheat or barley) over lentils. Mice readily consumed ZnP-coated barley grains. Their mortality rate was significantly higher (86%, n = 30) in the presence of a less-favoured grain (lentils) compared to their mortality rate (47%, n = 29;53%, n = 30) in the presence of a more-favoured grain (wheat and barley, respectively). Mice died between 4 and 112 h (median = 18 h) after consuming one or more toxic grains. Independent analysis of ZnP-coated grains showed variable toxin loading indicating that consumption of a single grain would not guarantee intake of a lethal dose. There was also a strong and rapid behavioural aversion if mice did not consume a lethal dose on the first night. CONCLUSIONS: The registered dose rate of 25 g of ZnP/kg wheat (similar to 1 mg of ZnP/grain) in Australia needs to be re-evaluated to determine what factors may be contributing to variation in efficacy. Further field research is also required to understand the complex association between ZnP dose, and quantity and quality of background food on efficacy of ZnP baits. (C) 2021 Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

关键词： endoscopic surgical procedure   endoscopy   glioma   thalamic disease  

摘要： Background Surgery for thalamic lesions has been considered challenging due to their deep-seated location. Endoscopic excision of deep-seated brain tumors using tubular retractor has been shown to be safe and effective in prior studies;however, there are limited reports regarding its use for thalamic tumors. We present our experience of endoscope-controlled resection of thalamic tumors using a tubular retractor. Material and Methods This was a prospective observational case series done at a tertiary center specialized for endoscopic neurosurgery during the period from 2010 to 2019. Surgeries were performed under the endoscopic control using a silicon tubular retractor. Lesions were approached transcortically or trans-sulcally. Data were collected for the extent of resection, amount of blood loss, operative time, need for conversion to microscopy, and complications. Results Twenty-one patients of thalamic masses of 14- to 60-year age underwent the surgeries. Pathologies ranged from grade I to IV gliomas. Gross total and near-total resection could be done in 42.85% of cases for each group. The average blood loss and operative time were164.0483.63mL and 157.14 +/- 28.70minutes, respectively. Complications included a small brain contusion, two transient hemipareses, and one transient speech deficit. Conclusion Endoscopic excision of thalamic tumors using a tubular retractor was found to be a safe and effective alternative to microscopic resection.