关键词： Natural sausage casing   Waste-gastro-intestinal wall   Alkaline hydrolysis   Dunaliella salina  

摘要： In the production of natural sausage casings, three layers of serosa, muscular, and mucosa are removed from gastro-intestinal wall of sheep as waste materials. The submocusa layer is taken for further processing. There is no report about generating added value out of these wastes. In this study, a novel approach was introduced for bioconversion of waste gastro-intestinal wall (WGW) to a value-added product. Alkaline hydrolysis of WGW was investigated and the hydrolysate was utilized for cultivation of Dunaliella salina, a value-added biomass. The hydrolysate that contained the highest total soluble protein was used for three sets of cultivations on different medium compositions, i.e., (1) cultivations on the modified Johnson's medium enriched with different percentage of hydrolysate (0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, and 10 (%v/v)), (2) cultivations on modified Johnson's medium which was free of nitrogen and carbon sources and enriched with different percentage of hydrolysate (0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, and 10 (%v/v), and (3) cultivation on modified Johnson's medium which was free of nitrogen source and enriched with 2.5% hydrolysate. The results showed that WGW contained 60.7, 8.4, 15.8, and 15.2% protein, lipid, moisture, and ash, respectively and the enrichment of the medium with the hydrolysate (2.5%) increased biomass productivity by 20%. Additionally, substitution of 2.5% hydrolysate for nitrogen source (KNO3) resulted in the same biomass productivity. The results of this study revealed the potential of the hydrolysate as an alternative for KNO3 in cultivation of D. salina. Overall, this work proposed a novel approach for converting waste gastro-intestinal wall to value.

关键词： breast cancer   neoadjuvant chemotherapy   oncoplastic surgery   mastectomy   immediate breast reconstruction   aesthetic and oncological outcomes   quality of life  

摘要： Simple Summary In patients with breast cancers larger than 2 cm undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy, there is a poor evaluation regarding the equivalence between oncoplastic surgery level II (OPSII) and mastectomy with immediate breast reconstruction (MIBR) regarding the aesthetic and oncological outcomes. The aim of our retrospective study was to assess whether OPSII is a safe alternative to MIBR. We confirmed the uniformity of the two techniques after neoadjuvant chemotherapy concerning loco-regional and systemic disease-free survival and overall survival in a population of 297 patients (87 undergoing OPSII, and 210 MIBR). In addition, we have highlighted how OPSII results in a lower loss of breast sensitivity after surgery and a better physical well-being of the chest. Therefore, in selected cases, OPSII should be preferred over MIBR, as it does not affect the oncological outcome, but improves physical well-being and allows the preservation of breast sensitivity in patients undergoing surgical treatment. Oncoplastic surgery level II techniques (OPSII) are used in patients with operable breast cancer. There is no evidence regarding their safety and efficacy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). The aim of this study was to compare the oncological and aesthetic outcomes of this technique compared with those observed in mastectomy with immediate breast reconstruction (MIBR), in post-NAC patients undergoing surgery between January 2016 and March 2021. Local disease-free survival (L-DFS), regional disease-free survival (R-DFS), distant disease-free survival (D-DFS), and overall survival (OS) were compared;the aesthetic results and quality of life (QoL) were evaluated using BREAST-Q. A total of 297 patients were included, 87 of whom underwent OPSII and 210 of whom underwent MIBR. After a median follow-up of 39.5 months, local recurrence had occurred in 3 patients in the OPSII group (3.4%), and in 13 patients in the MIBR group (6.1%) (p = 0.408). The three-year L-DFS ra

关键词： C-H functionalization   C-X functionalization   Green chemistry   Mechanochemistry   Medicinal chemistry  

摘要： In the pursuit of clean pharmaceutical production, chemists in medicinal industry require access to new sustainable methodologies to reduce and even eliminate pollution, which is mainly produced by the overuse of organic solvents during chemical synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). In this context, the solvent-free/less mechanochemical functionalization of small molecules has gradually emerged as a powerful strategy for the green synthesis and modification of APIs, bioactive compounds, and functional materials. In this review, we present an overview of mechanochemical C-X/C-H functionalization applications to medicinal chemistry, involving cross-coupling, cross-dehydrogenative coupling, oxidative coupling (via C-H activation pathway), and direct coupling (via radical pathway) as key steps for the preparation of APIs and bioactive compounds.

关键词： 高中生物   继发性前概念   概念转变   教学策略  

摘要： 生物学概念是生物学知识的基本组成单位，生物学教学必须关注学生对概念的理解与掌握。生物学概念教学中，教师不仅要明确学生在概念学习前知道什么，也要关注概念教学后学生形成了什么。学生在接受课堂教学后对新知识经过原有认知加工所产生的与科学概念不一致的观点，称为继发性前概念。学生存在的继发性前概念不及时纠正会进一步干扰学生对于其它知识的学习，以至产生更多的继发性前概念。因此，教学中如何调查学生存在的继发性前概念？学生为什么存在这些继发性前概念？采用何种教学策略能够帮助学生转变这些继发性前概念？应该是教师进行生物学概念教学时需要关注的问题。　　首先在查阅国内外相关文献的基础上，确定了研究思路与方法。其次，通过访谈调查一线教师对于继发性前概念的了解，以及学生在“基因突变及其他变异”这一章节存在的继发性前概念。在此基础上编制了三阶层测试卷，以研究校高三年级两个班级为对象，调查了学生存在的继发性前概念，分析发现学生产生继发性前概念的原因主要包括：受原有认知的影响；相似概念的干扰；概念理解不深入；科学概念容易被遗忘；教师不重视概念教学等。并将这些继发性前概念划分为：空壳概念、不完整概念、异质性概念、条件缺失概念及绝对化概念五种类型。研究针对五种继发性前概念分别提出概念转变教学策略，并进行概念转变教学实践。　　教学实践后，通过纸笔测试、学生访谈以及课堂观察等方法检测学生概念转变效果，发现：研究所提的概念转变教学策略能够明显转变学生存在的继发性前概念。最后，提出生物学概念教学中减少学生产生继发性前概念的几点建议：教师应重视概念教学；鼓励学生表达不同观点；及时复习强化科学概念。

关键词： Ammonia  

摘要： The anaerobic digestion (AD) of N-enriched waste streams combined with nutrient recovery from AD effluents represents a cost-effective waste treatment technology for simultaneous production of biogas and recycled fertilizers. Herein, we demonstrate an efficient route towards S- or P-containing NH4NO3-based fertilizers via Ni(OH)(2)-catalyzed electrochemical oxidation of ammonia (AOR) to NH4NO3 in 0.1 M K2SO4 and 0.1 M K2HPO4 electrolytes. In this study, we examine how operating parameters, including the electrolyte, pH, applied potential, ammonia concentration, and temperature affect the AOR product distribution at Ni(OH)(2) anodes. We show that under optimized conditions concentrated ammonia solutions can be efficiently converted into NH4NO3 with up to 72% faradaic efficiencies and up to 98% ammonia removal. Based on our extensive experimental data, we propose detailed mechanisms for the formation of major products (dinitrogen, nitrite, and nitrate) and for the first time experimentally demonstrate that ammonia-to-nitrite oxidation proceeds spontaneously on NiOOH, while the nitrite-to-nitrate step is purely electrochemical. The results of this work are expected to enable integration of AOR into AD of N-containing waste, thereby enabling a promising nutrient recovery strategy for building a circular economy.

关键词： PFAS   Breast cancer   Cell invasion   Epigenetics   Histone modifications   PPAR alpha   Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR)  

摘要： Environmental contaminants including long-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been linked to cancer, which is a central cause of mortality in humans and many wildlife species. Today shorter-chain PFAS are extensively used as replacement compounds and commonly found in the environment. Mechanistic studies are important for a better understanding of their toxicological potential and possible role in cancer etiology. Here, we treated normal human breast epithelial cells (MCF-10A) with 500 pM to 500 mu M of perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), undecafluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), hexafluoropropylene oxide-dimer acid (GenX), perfluoro 3,6 dioxaoctanoic acid (PFO2OA), heptafluorobutyric acid (HFBA) and perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) for 72 h to investigate potential effects on cell proliferation and neoplastic transformation. PFHxA, GenX, PFO2OA, HFBA and PFBS induced no alterations compared to controls at any of the concentrations tested. Exposure to 100 mu M PFHxS on the other hand was shown to affect important regulatory cell-cycle proteins (cyclin D1, CDK6, p27, p53 and ERK) and induced cell proliferation, at least in part through activation of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR alpha). PFHxS also altered histone modifications and induced cell malignance by reducing the levels of adhesion proteins (E-cadherin and beta-integrin) and promoting cell migration and invasion. These results demonstrate that five out of six alternative PFAS tested are clearly less harmful to MCF-10A cells than previously studied PFOS and PFOA, but raise concerns about PFHxS that also has been associated with breast cancer in epidemiological studies.

关键词： complementary and alternative therapies   coronary heart disease   protocol   stable angina pectoris   web meta-analysis  

摘要： Background: Stable angina pectoris in patients with coronary heart disease is a clinical syndrome of rapid transient ischemia and hypoxia of myocardium due to the increase of myocardial load on the basis of fixed severe coronary artery stenosis. In recent years, the incidence rate of this disease has been rising steadily, which seriously threatens human life and health. When the disease occurs, its complementary and alternative therapy can relieve chest pain, improve cardiac function, and reduce adverse events. However, in retrospect of all the studies, we lack systematic analysis of the efficacy and safety of various complementary and alternative therapies. The curative effects were ranked. On the basis of these findings, we conducted a study of complementary and alternative therapy in patients with coronary heart disease, and proposed a network meta-analysis (NMA) protocol to explore the efficacy of different complementary and alternative therapies. Methods: We will comprehensively search the Chinese and English databases from the creation date to January 15, 2022. The randomized controlled trials of the supplementary and alternative treatment of stable angina pediatrics in patients with coronary heart disease and the relevant literature of the ongoing trials will be published. The 2 researchers will conduct literature screening and data extraction independently, using Cochrane system evaluator manual 5 3. The recommended bias risk assessment tool was used to evaluate the quality of the included study, Q-test was used and combined with heterogeneity analysis, and the analysis sensitivity was observed. The Review Manager 5.4 software provided by Cochrane Collaboration Network is used to statistically analyze the included literature, and the obtained results are made into forest map and funnel map for data analysis and processing. It is suggested that the evaluation will be used to formulate and evaluate the level, so as to classify the quality of NMA evidence. Resu

关键词： Alternative ingredients   Insect meal   Microalgae   By-products   Canning industry   Tuna water cooking   Meagre  

摘要： This study aimed to evaluate the effects of alternative feed ingredients: Insect meal (DI) using non-defatted meal obtained from Acheta domesticus, Microalgae (DM) using a mix of four marine microalgae ((Nannochloropsis gaditana, Tisochrysis lutea, Rhodomonas lens, Isochrysis galbana), Protein and oil from water of tuna canning process (DP&L) and a Mixture (DMix) of the three ingredients, on the growth, feed utilisation, digestibility and composition of meagre juveniles, and the results obtained were compared with a feed similar to a commercial feed used as a control (DC). Results show that the formulated alternative feeds had different effects on fish growth. DMix have a similar growth performance than the control, whereas the other treatments (DI, DM and DP&L) showed a lower final weight. Hepatosomatic and viscerosomatic indices did not show differences among the treatments. Muscle protein content was higher for fish fed with DMix group whereas lipids were significantly higher in DI. In the case of the liver, protein was higher in the liver of fish fed with DI, DM and DP&L, whereas lipids were higher in fish fed with DI and DM, a result that was confirmed with the results obtained in hepatocyte size and lipid accumulation. The nutritional value of the meagre muscle at the end of the study showed that meagre fed with DM and DI diets contained a significantly higher content of monounsaturated and n-6 PUFA, whereas fish from the groups fed with DP&L and DMix had a significantly higher content of DHA and n-3 PUFA with the liver showing similar results. In view of the results obtained, the ingredients assayed in this study might be used as alternative sources of protein and lipids in aquafeeds since no negative effects were detected neither on fish growth, muscle composition or final nutritional value, except in the case of the diet with microalgae (DM), which inclusion rate in the feed must be adjusted and needs more research.

关键词： Food safety   microbial spoilage   Pseudomonas spp.   molecular imprinted polymer   surface plasmon resonance  

摘要： Here, Pseudomonas spp. molecularly imprinted polymer-based surface plasmon resonance (MIP-based SPR) sensor has been prepared to perform quantitative analysis of Pseudomonas spp simultaneously. The polymeric nanofilm is imprinted on the SPR sensor surface with the microcontact printing method. Nanofilm was characterized with contact angle Non-Imprinted Polymer (NIP) and MIP SPR chips were found at 68.7 degrees and 79.5 degrees, respectively), ellipsometer measurement (the thickness of MIP and NIP nanofilm determined 150.4 +/- 1.5 nm and 72.4 +/- 1.2 nm values, respectively) and SEM analysis. The different Pseudomonas spp. were prepared at a concentration range of 1 x 10(2) - 1 x 10(4) CFU/mL and passed through the SPR system. The total detection time for all steps was reported in 150 seconds for microorganism detection, which is very short compared to the cultural method (2 days). The detection of limit value was calculated 0.5 x 10(2) CFU/mL. Selectivity of Pseudomonas spp. nanofilm based SPR sensors %Delta R value was determined 8.3 for MIP and 0.25 for NIP. The relative selectivity coefficients (k') of MIP nanofilm based SPR sensor for Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella paratyphi and Escherichia coli were reported 25.82, 31.69 and 31.24 times, respectively. According to the data obtained in this study, the prepared Pseudomonas spp, suppressed surface plasmon resonance sensor, can be used as an alternative to the current cultural method and effective suppression quality, selectivity, and affinity.

关键词： Electrofuel   Efuels   Metal fuels   Sustainable fuel   Fuel synthesis   Life cycle assessment  

摘要： The transportation sector is a major contributor in global emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). Vital measures should be taken in order to reduce the GHG, among these measures is using electrofuels. Electrofuels are produced by combining recycled CO2 gas and hydrogen derived from water electrolysis, where the energy required to produce these fuels comes from zero-carbon electric energy. Electrofuels also include recycled solid metal fuels, which are produced through electrochemical reduction reactions of their oxides. This article presents a review on the recent advances in the field of electrofuels, which includes the chemistry of electrofuels and the reactions to produce it plus, it compares between the different studies discussing the Electrofuels life cycle assessment, and their economical and technical evaluation. Moreover, this review covers the combustion behavior of electrofuels, and how it is affecting its performance and usage. This review concluded with few suggestions to improve the production cost of electrofuels, and their integration within the current energy systems.