摘要： 莫言有一种能力,就是非常有效地将现实生活转化为非现实生活,没有比他小说里的现实生活更不现实了.仿佛他看世界的眼睛有一种屈光功能,景物一旦进入视野,顿时就改了面目.并不是说与原来完全不一样,甚至很一样,可就是成了另一个世界.这世界里的一切还是依原来的样式链接镶嵌,色彩却全变了,很容易将其视为一种风格,但风格其实是装饰的意味,这里的色彩则影响到事情的性质.这"色彩"更接近"质地"的意思,事情的质地不同了,于是,就变得不那么真实.在那个不真实的世界里,比真实的更为沉重,但确有着一重意境.小说实在是一种过于结实的东西,现实既是它的内核,又是外相,要从中抽离出一个独立的世界,是需要更有力量的占位.

关键词： Ozone   Decontamination   SARS-CoV-2   Protective equipment   COVID-19  

摘要： COVID-19 pandemic created a global shortage of medical protective equipment. Here, we considered ozone (O3) a disinfectant alternative due to its potent oxidative activity against biological macromolecules. The O3 decontamination assays were done using SARS-CoV-2 obtained from patients to produce artificial contamination of N95 masks and biosecurity gowns. The quantification of SARS-CoV-2 was performed before and after exposing the samples to different ozone gas concentrations for times between 5 and 30 min. Viral loads as a function of the O3 exposure time were estimated from the data obtained by the RT-PCR technique. The genetic material of the virus was no longer detected for any tested concentrations after 15 min of O3 exposure, which means a disinfection Concentration-Time above 144 ppm min. Vibrational spectroscopies were used to follow the modifications of the polymeric fibers after the O3 treatment. The results indicate that the N95 masks could be safely reused after decontamination with treatments of 15 min at the established O3 doses for a maximum of 6 cycles.

关键词： Land-use conflict   Energy system   Modeling to generate alternatives   Uncertainty   Energy transition  

摘要： Long-term power market outlooks suggest a rapid increase in renewable energy deployment as a main solution to greenhouse gas mitigation in the Northern European energy system. However, the consequential area requirement is a non-techno-economic aspect that currently is omitted by many energy system optimization models. This study applies modeling to generate alternatives (MGA) technique to the Balmorel energy system model to address spatial conflicts related to increased renewable energy deployment. The approach searches for alternative solutions that minimize land-use conflicts while meeting the low-carbon target, by allowing a 1% to 15% increase in system costs compared to the least-cost solution. Two alternative objectives are defined to reflect various aspects of spatial impact. The results show that the least-cost solution requires 1.2%-3.6% of the land in the modeled countries in 2040 for onshore wind and solar PV installations. A 10% increase in costs can reduce the required land area by 58% by relying more on offshore wind. Nuclear energy may also be an option if both onshore and offshore areas are to be reduced, or in a less flexible system. Both offshore wind and nuclear energy technologies are associated with higher risks and pose uncertainties in terms of reaching the climate targets in time. The changes in costs and required land areas imply significantly higher annual costs ranging from 200 to 750 kEUR/km2 to avoid land use for energy infrastructure. Overall, this study confirms that the energy transition strategies prioritizing land savings from energy infrastructure are feasible, but high risks and costs of averted land are involved.

关键词： Glycosylation  

摘要： Almost 60% of commercialized pharmaceutical proteins are glycosylated. Glycosylation is considered a critical quality attribute, as it affects the stability, bioactivity and safety of proteins. Hence, the development of analytical methods to characterise the composition and structure of glycoproteins is crucial. Currently, existing methods are time-consuming, expensive, and require significant sample preparation steps, which can alter the robustness of the analyses. In this work, we suggest the use of a fast, direct, and simple Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) combined with a chemometric strategy to address this challenge. In this context, a database of FT-IR spectra of glycoproteins was built, and the glycoproteins were characterised by reference methods (MALDI-TOF, LC-ESI-QTOF and LC-FLR-MS) to estimate the mass ratio between carbohydrates and proteins and determine the composition in monosaccharides. The FT-IR spectra were processed first by Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR), one of the most used regression algorithms in spectroscopy and secondly by Support Vector Regression (SVR). SVR has emerged in recent years and is now considered a powerful alternative to PLSR, thanks to its ability to flexibly model nonlinear relationships. The results provide clear evidence of the efficiency of the combination of FT-IR spectroscopy, and SVR modelling to characterise glycosylation in therapeutic proteins. The SVR models showed better predictive performances than the PLSR models in terms of RMSECV, RMSEP, R2(CV), R2(Pred) and RPD. This tool offers several potential applications, such as comparing the glycosylation of a biosimilar and the original molecule, monitoring batch-to-batch homogeneity, and in-process control.

关键词： mRNA vaccine   alternative splicing-derived cancer neoantigens   cancer immunotherapy   computational identification of cancer neoantigens  

摘要： Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have shown great potential for anti-tumor therapy due to the advantages in safety, efficacy and industrial production. However, it remains a challenge to identify suitable cancer neoantigens that can be targeted for mRNA vaccines. Abnormal alternative splicing occurs in a variety of tumors, which may result in the translation of abnormal transcripts into tumor-specific proteins. High-throughput technologies make it possible for systematic characterization of alternative splicing as a source of suitable target neoantigens for mRNA vaccine development. Here, we summarized difficulties and challenges for identifying alternative splicing-derived cancer neoantigens from RNA-seq data and proposed a conceptual framework for designing personalized mRNA vaccines based on alternative splicing-derived cancer neoantigens. In addition, several points were presented to spark further discussion toward improving the identification of alternative splicing-derived cancer neoantigens.

摘要： 事后他们都记不得了,就像一团黑光漂浮在梦境里——至少周有果是这样想的. 这天下午,周有果从东北回来,叫上老同学孙无花,孙无花又叫上张小叶,三人在风吹尘扬的旧街闲逛,饶有兴致地回忆起了大学时光.毕业十年,往事就像他们眼角模糊的皱纹,在谈论了一番东北狍子、黑熊和人参后,孙、张二人又各自感慨单调乏味的家乡生活.夜色犹如黑蛾扑腾而来,几个人仿佛想起什么又无话可说,空气变得单调沉闷.周有果提议去吃小龙虾,张小叶撇撇嘴不置可否,孙无花表示赞成,事情就这么定了.大学时代,他们的行动常常也是这样.

关键词： Substrates  

摘要： The development of alternative plasmonic materials that can replace gold and silver is of long-standing interest in materials research. In this study, we have prepared and characterized thin films of TiN, an emerging plasmonic material, and examined its effectiveness for fluorescence coupling in metal-dielectric structures having TiN as the plasmonically active component. We have used a combination of experiment and reflectivity calculations to determine the nature and dispersion of the optical modes sustained by the metal-dielectric structures, which furthermore are adjustable by varying the thickness of the dielectric layer. Our results reveal that fluorophores placed on the TiN substrates can couple with the surface-plasmon mode and/or the waveguide modes supported by these structures, to provide polarized and directional emission over narrow angular ranges. The performance of TiN substrates for surface plasmon-coupled emission (SPCE) and waveguide-coupled emission (WGCE) is found to be comparable with conventional Au substrates. Importantly, the TiN thin films are reusable, which is certainly advantageous for their use in SPCE or WGCE-based fluorescence sensing applications.

摘要： Pure powders of Na(LiZn)S-2 can be obtained through a solid-state reaction, and A(LiZn)S-2 (A = K, Rb, Cs) result from metathesis reactions between alkali-metal chlorides and the same constituents used to prepare the Na(LiZn)S-2 powder. Hence, the metathesis reaction enables extended sulphide chemistry without the use of either H2S gas or very reactive starting materials. By the metathesis reaction it was possible to obtain relatively pure Cs(LiZn)S-2. Trigonal Na(LiZn)S-2 and tetragonal A(LiZn)S-2 (A = K, Rb, Cs) exhibit significant structural similarities, having (LiZn)S-2 layers that are separated by alkali-metals (Na-Cs). Against expectations, Cs(LiZn)S-2 is orange red in colour, Rb(LiZn)S-2 is strongly yellow, K(LiZn)S-2 is pale yellow, and Na(LiZn)S-2 is colourless. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy data on Cs(LiZn)S-2 and Na(LiZn)S-2 contain several shoulders apart from apparent band-edges close to 3.3 eV. In the former, it seems as if the optical excitations range all the way into green (similar to 600 nm), which concurs with the observed red colour. Nuclear magnetic resonance investigations on cores Cs-133, Na-23, and Li-7 suggest that these ions are firmly held in the atomic lattice, as judged by the resonance frequency widths and relatively long nuclear spin relaxation times (T-1), ranging from 10 to 200 seconds for Na-23 and Li-7. So there should be only electronic excitations in these compounds. Band-structure calculations of Li-Zn ordered versions of the lattices suggest a direct band-gap in both compounds, corresponding to an excitation from sulphur to zinc. The theoretical band-gaps amount to 2.54 eV for CsLiZnS2 and 1.85 eV for NaLiZnS2, and the steep edges in the density of states are found at 3.3 eV for both cases. As no Li-Zn ordering is observed by X-ray diffraction, there must be an inherent atomic disorder. By theoretical simulations, local Li-Zn anti-site orderings were introduced and the resulting electronic structure was evaluated. However,

摘要： Proline (Pro) catabolism and reactive oxygen species production have been linked in mammals and Caenorhabditis elegans, while increases in leaf respiration rate follow Pro exposure in plants. Here, we investigated how alternative oxidases (AOXs) of the mitochondrial electron transport chain accommodate the large, atypical flux resulting from Pro catabolism and limit oxidative stress during Pro breakdown in mature Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves. Following Pro treatment, AOX1a and AOX1d accumulate at transcript and protein levels, with AOX1d approaching the level of the typically dominant AOX1a isoform. We therefore sought to determine the function of both AOX isoforms under Pro respiring conditions. Oxygen consumption rate measurements in aox1a and aox1d leaves suggested these AOXs can functionally compensate for each other to establish enhanced AOX catalytic capacity in response to Pro. Generation of ***1d lines showed complete loss of AOX proteins and activity upon Pro treatment, yet full respiratory induction in response to Pro remained possible via the cytochrome pathway. However, ***1d leaves displayed symptoms of elevated oxidative stress and suffered increased oxidative damage during Pro metabolism compared to the wild-type (WT) or the single mutants. During recovery from salt stress, when relatively high rates of Pro catabolism occur naturally, photosynthetic rates in ***1d recovered slower than in the WT or the single aox lines, showing that both AOX1a and AOX1d are beneficial for cellular metabolism during Pro drawdown following osmotic stress. This work provides physiological evidence of a beneficial role for AOX1a but also the less studied AOX1d isoform in allowing safe catabolism of alternative respiratory substrates like Pro. The alternative oxidase of plant mitochondria contributes to proline catabolism by preventing oxidative stress in plant tissues and this aids recovery of photosynthetic rates following salinity stress.

关键词： 海昏简牍   孔子衣镜   假借字   讹误字   异体字   《说文解字》  

摘要： 海昏侯墓出土了简牍、孔子衣镜等语言文字材料,它们数量巨大,内容丰富,学术价值极大。《海昏简牍初论》一书刊发了部分材料和研究成果。在文字学方面,这批材料有助于研究者了解、掌握汉代的用语习惯和用字习惯,联系、推阐许多已有研究成果,发现、探究新的学术问题。文章对这批文字材料中的部分假借字、讹误字、异体字进行探讨,认为:1.许多假借字可与《说文解字》相互印证,这彰显了《说文解字》的重要性与可靠性;2.一些讹误字能同学者总结的“某与某讹误例”的校勘成果构成互证关系;3.部分异体字虽然不见于《说文解字》,但对于研究汉字形体结构改造过程有参考价值。文章还探讨了其他的相关问题,诸如“■”“■”“■”的同源等。